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2,144 records
Fleck, Ludwik
(1896–1961), microbiologist and pioneer in the sociology of knowledge. Born in Lwów, Ludwik Fleck graduated from Lwów University’s medical school in 1920, eventually specializing in microbiology. In 1923 he married Ernes…
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Fleckeles, El‘azar ben David
(1754–1826), rabbi. El‘azar Fleckeles was born to a well-off, patrician family in Prague; his father served as an elder of the Jewish community. Fleckeles studied in the yeshivas of Mosheh Kohen Rofe and Me’ir Fischels a…
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Fleischmann, Gisela
(1897–1944), president of the Women’s International Zionist Organization (WIZO) in interwar Czechoslovakia and a leading activist of the Pracovna Skupina (Working Group), an informal leadership group of Slovak Jewry duri…
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Fleischmann, Karel
(1897–1944), physician, graphic artist, and writer. Karel Fleischmann was born in Klatovy, Bohemia, and he finished secondary school in České Budějovice, a southern Bohemian town with a small Jewish population, before st…
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Flowering: The First Generation
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Focşani
City in Romania, near the Milcov River, the old border between Moldavia and Walachia. The Jewish community of Focşani dates back at least to the second half of the seventeenth century, when Natan Note Hannover, author of…
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Folk Songs
The Yiddish folk song was sung and disseminated by Jews primarily of Eastern Europe. It constitutes a lyrical reflection of the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of the Jewish people in Yiddish. The songs shed light on…
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Folkists
Political party that sought Jewish national autonomy in the Diaspora. Following the 1905 Russian Revolution, a small circle of public intellectuals organized under the leadership of the historian Simon Dubnow and Yisroel…
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Folklore
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Folklore, Ethnography, and Anthropology
Jewish folklore and ethnography emerged as a field of study during the nineteenth century. As early as 1823, Leopold Zunz, a founder of the Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Judentums, outlined what a future “statis…
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Folks-shtime
Yiddish newspaper published in Poland from April 1945 until December 1991. Folks-shtime (Voice of the People) was the main newspaper of Polish Jews after World War II. It began in Łódź and from October 1949 it came out i…
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Folks-tsaytung
Yiddish Social Democratic newspaper published from 25 November 1921 to 26 September 1939 and from February 1946 to January 1949 in Warsaw. Folks-tsaytung (People’s Newspaper) was the central organ of the General Jewish W…
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Food and Drink
The distinctiveness of East European Jewish foodways arises from local understandings of ritual requirements, the historical legacy of early Western Ashkenazic traditions, a symbiotic relationship with local culinary pra…
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Ford, Aleksander
(1908–1980), motion picture director. Born Moyshe Lipshutz in Łódź, Ford went to Warsaw in the late 1920s to study art. He was an early member of the avant-garde cine-club START, making short films—one on the working-cla…
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Forging a Modern Literature
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Formation of an East European Style
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Fortunatus, Imre
(ca. 1460–ca. 1526), adventurer, financial adviser to the royal court, and well-known apostate in Hungary. Imre Fortunatas (also Szerencsés) had the original family name of Seneor (or Sneor; Sneur), a corrupted version o…
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Foundation of the Movement
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Frankel, Leó
(1844–1896), labor activist and a leader of the Paris Commune. Leó Frankel was born into a large, wealthy German-oriented family in Óbuda, Hungary, where his father, Albert, was the official doctor of the city’s shipyard…
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Frankism
A Jewish religious movement centered on the leadership of Ya‘akov (Jakub) ben Yehudah Leib Frank (1726?–1791). The term Frankism was coined in early nineteenth-century Warsaw and was initially a slur directed at the desc…
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