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826 entity pages
Auswanderung
(siehe auch Emigration) In der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts gewann der Hamburger Hafen wachsende Bedeutung für den Transit von Auswanderern nach Übersee.Zwischen 1850 und 1934 registrierten die Hamburger Behörden …
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Autobiography and Memoir
The general scholarly consensus has, until recently, held that autobiography is essentially foreign to the communal orientation of traditional Jewish literature and mentality. According to this school of thought, Jewish …
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Ba-Derekh
Hebrew-language newspaper published in Poland between 1932 and 1937. Ba-Derekh (On the Way) represented the last in a series of attempts by the Polish Zionist Organization to establish a daily newspaper in Hebrew. Effort…
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Babad Family
Leading wealthy rabbinic family in Galicia. Beginning in the seventeenth century, many members of the Babad family served in rabbinic posts in Poland and Lithuania; others were quite wealthy and held a variety of leaders…
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Badkhonim
Like many traditional societies, Jewish communities had their singers, popular writers, and entertainers. Such figures, known as badkhonim (sg., badkhn), appeared at domestic celebrations, primarily weddings or holidays …
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Bak Family
Printers active in Hebrew and Yiddish publishing. The Bak family apparently originated in Venice, where Ya‘akov ben Gershon Bak (1574–1619) followed his father, Gershon ben Mosheh, in training as a printer. After Ya‘akov…
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Bally Family
Romanian Sephardic bankers from the Ottoman Empire; descendants included scholars, educators, and writers. Celebi Mentes Bally, a banker from Constantinople, supported the Greek aristocrat Neculai Mavrocordat in becoming…
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Banking
From the beginning of Jewish settlement in Eastern Europe, moneylending and money dealing in its various forms represented—alongside commerce, tax farming, and leasing—a central area of their economic activities. Into th…
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Banking and Finance
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Ba‘ale Shem
Literally, “masters of [God’s] name” (sg., ba‘al shem); alternatively, ba‘ale shem tov, or “masters of good name.” The terms, which are often interchangeable, signify the ability to manipulate “holy” names, including bot…
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Beards
In his autobiography, the philosopher Salomon Maimon (d. 1800) recalled that the concept of beards “especially gave me trouble.” In reading the Zohar and other kabbalistic works, Maimon explored the image of “God’s Beard…
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Beerdigungswesen
Mit der meist Chevra Kadischa de Kabronim (Ch.) genannten Beerdigungsbruderschaft begründete das aschkenasische Judentum im 16. Jahrhundert eine Institution, die die praktischen und religiösen Bedürfnisse zur Bewältigung…
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Before the Apostasy
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Before World War I
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Beggars and Begging
In Poland–Lithuania, the emergence of Jewish beggars as a large group with its own subculture can be traced to the Khmel’nyts’kyi massacres of 1648, which destroyed much of the Jewish communal wealth and infrastructure. …
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Beginnings
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Belarusian Literature
Translations of books of the Hebrew Bible (most frequently Psalms) and other religious texts into the Old Belarusian language and into a Belarusian version of Old Church Slavonic marked the beginnings of Jewish participa…
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BELARUSIAN WRITERS
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Bergson Family
Influential Warsaw family of industrialists and financiers. Related to other aristocratic Jewish dynasties, including the Bersohn, Heryng, and Toeplitz families, the Bergson family originated with Shmul Zbytkower, one of…
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Berlin Haskalah
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