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APPENDIX: RUSSIAN WRITERS
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Approbation
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An approbation or haskamah (Heb., lit., “agreement” or “approval”; pl., haskamot) is an endorsement or expression of approval of the contents of a book intended for publication, usually placed near the beginning of the t…
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Archiv der Jüdischen Gemeinde
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Das Archivgut der jüdischen Gemeinden ist in großem Umfang erhalten und dokumentiert ihre Geschichte vom 17. Jahrhundert bis in die NS-Zeit.Aus ältester Zeit stammen Dokumente der sefardischen Gemeinde und der bis 1812 i…
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Archival Guides
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Archives
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Hundreds of state and local archives throughout Eastern Europe hold millions of documents that reflect the experience of Jews over many centuries. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and other East European Communist r…
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Argots (Talk)
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Among the social dialects of Yiddish are the argots or slangs of various professions. Unlike regional dialects, which may differ from the standard language in pronunciation, grammar, and lexicon, argots are distinctive p…
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Arisierung
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Als A. bezeichnete man nach 1933 im engeren Sinne den Besitztransfer zwischen »Juden« und »Ariern«, im weiteren Sinne den Prozess der wirtschaftlichen Verdrängung und Existenzvernichtung der Juden unter nationalsozialist…
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Armed Resistance
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The Jewish armed resistance movement during the Holocaust (1939–1945) was an unprecedented phenomenon. The enslaved Jewish population, facing annihilation, had no effective means to fight off their aggressors. Thus the J…
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Arnold Bauer
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Art and the Holocaust (Holocaust)
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During World War II, Jews produced art in concentration camps, in ghettos, or while in hiding. Unlike artistic production undertaken by outsiders in the name of propaganda, or to confirm the events after the killing had …
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Art Education
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The first generation of Jewish artists in Eastern Europe (beginning with Mark Antokol’skii, Maurycy Gottlieb, and their younger contemporaries) received professional training at state art academies and private schools in…
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Artels
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Voluntary cooperative associations of craftsmen or peasants in the Soviet Union. Established on the basis of charters, artels obtained raw materials, produced finished or (less commonly) unfinished products, and sold the…
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Ashkenazic Traditions
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Assimilation
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Although widely used in both scholarly writing and public life, the term assimilation, without modification or qualification, lacks critical rigor. Conceptually, it can encompass—and is often confused and conflated with—…
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Assistance for Nonresidents
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At the Crossroad of Languages
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Attitude toward Israel
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Attitudes toward Jews in Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature
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August Pfeiffer
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Ausschreitungen, antijüdische
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Die Präsenz einer namhaften jüdischen Bevölkerungsminderheit im Hamburger Raum geriet zum exemplarischen Konfliktthema zwischen lutherischer Orthodoxie und pragmatischer Politik, war ein wichtiger Gegenstand im Widerstre…
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