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Population
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Population
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Population and Migration before World War I (Population and Migration)
Demographic sources for the entire period before the end of the nineteenth century are not nearly as reliable as those for more recent times. Readers should note, therefore, that the data presented below are speculative …
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Population Dislocations
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Population since World War I (Population and Migration)
After World War I, the two countries with the largest numbers of Jews were Poland (2.8 million in 1921) and the Soviet Union (2.7 million in 1926). (See Table 1: Jewish Population by Country, 1920s-1930s) For this period…
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Portugiesisch-Jüdische Gemeinden / Sefarden
Im letzten Drittel des 16. Jahrhunderts wurde Hamburg zu einem begehrten Handelsplatz für englische und niederländische Kaufleute sowie Zufluchtsstätte für Glaubensflüchtlinge wie die Neuchristen (cristãos novos, convers…
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Possession and Exorcism
The concept of possession by and exorcism of deceased souls (dibukim; dybbuks) who inhabited the bodies of unwilling hosts is based on the kabbalistic concept of gilgul (transmigration), found in the Zohar and other medi…
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Post-Soviet Jewish Literatures
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Postcards and Greeting Cards
On 1 October 1869, the Austrian post office produced the first official governmental Correspodenz-Karte (postal card), based on an idea developed by Emanuel Hermann, a Viennese Jewish economics professor. The first pictu…
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Postcommunist Period
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Postwar Adjustment
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Postwar and Contemporary Jewry
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Postwar Period
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Postwar Youth Movements in Poland
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Post–World War II Period
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Po‘el, Ha-
The Jewish Socialist Zionist Workers Sports Federation. Ha-Po‘el (“the Worker”) sports clubs were established at a conference in Tel Aviv on 15 May 1926, under the aegis of the Histadrut labor union. The Ha-Po‘el federat…
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Preachers
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Preachers and Preaching
Preaching in the synagogue dates to late antiquity, when the tradition of weekly sermons given on the Sabbath and based on the reading from the Torah of that week, began. This tradition continued in Eastern Europe. There…
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Printing and Publishing after 1800 (Printing and Publishing)
In the course of the nineteenth century, the geographical center of Hebrew and Yiddish printing shifted decisively to Eastern Europe. Demographic and cultural changes in European Jewry dovetailed with changing patterns o…
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Printing and Publishing before 1800 (Printing and Publishing)
Jewish printing in Eastern Europe began in Prague in 1513, pioneered by a group of printers led by Gershom ben Shelomoh ha-Kohen (d. 1544). The chief cities for printing in Eastern Europe during the period under discussi…
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