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826 entity pages
Origins of the Pale
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Origins of the Shtetl
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Ostjuden
Verfolgung einerseits, ökonomische Verelendung andererseits bildeten den Hintergrund für die Auswanderungswelle, die zwischen 1880 und dem Ersten Weltkrieg etwa drei Millionen Juden aus Osteuropa erfasste und vor allem n…
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Other Occupations
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Otto Stobbe
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Otto Veit
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Otto Warburg (Agrarbotaniker)
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overcoat
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OZE
Organization devoted to the promotion of health, hygiene, and childcare among Jews. Founded on 7 August 1912 in Saint Petersburg as the Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population, OZE (Obshchestvo …
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Painting and Sculpture
[This entry focuses on artists in Russian lands. For discussion of visual artists of other regions, see the biographical entries on those listed in the "Visual and Performing Arts" section of the Synoptic Outline.]
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Parody
With the onset of the modern period, parody became a quantitatively significant component within the genre of Jewish satire. The genre of parody was used to comment on a wide variety of themes connected to Jewish life, i…
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Parties and Ideologies
The history of Jewish political parties in Eastern Europe was short, stretching as it did only from the 1880s until 1949, when what little remained of them after World War II was liquidated by the then recently establish…
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Passover
(Yid., Peysekh; Heb., Pesaḥ), the eight-day holiday commemorating the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. The special dietary requirements of the holiday—the ban on leavened products and the need for matzo and other spe…
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Period of Wandering: 1857–1883
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Personal Hygiene and Grooming
Religious law calls on Jews to undertake ritual washings or ablutions that range from immersion of the whole body (tevilah) to pouring water over the hands (netilat yadayim), although there is no evidence to prove that t…
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Personal Names
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Petschek Family
Industrialists and bankers in Bohemia. The Petschek family, originally based in Kolín in central Bohemia, included captains of industry of Czech lands from the late nineteenth century. Its members reached their pinnacle …
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Philipp Schwartz
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Photography
Invented in Western Europe in 1839, the new technology of photography soon migrated to Eastern Europe and Russia. Beginning in the 1840s, East European Jews were leading figures in developing photography as a new art for…
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Piety
The complex of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors usually comprehended in the Hebrew phrase yir’at shamayim (lit., “awe [or reverence] of Heaven”) or the Yiddish word frumkayt, piety in Judaism is marked by a constant str…
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