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826 entity pages
Names and Naming
The most appropriate way of considering names used by Jews in Eastern Europe is to separate the discussion of personal names from that of family names. Indeed, personal names represent an organic part of Jewish culture. …
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Natanson Family
Polish family of bankers, philanthropists, industrialists and scholars.
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Nathan Cohen
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National Identity
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Neue Dammtor Synagoge
Die N. blieb die einzige Synagoge des gleichnamigen Vereins, zu dem sich Mitglieder der Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeinde 1894 zusammenschlossen, um eine in den neuen Wohnvierteln Harvestehude/Rotherbaum dringend erforderl…
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Newspapers and Periodicals
Jewish newspapers and periodicals have been published in the main three Jewish languages (Hebrew, Yiddish, and Ladino) and have also appeared in the primary languages of countries in which Jews have lived. The first Jewi…
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Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
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Normalschulen
Originally the name of comprehensive elementary schools with four classes and a teachers’ seminar, established in the capital city of each province of the Habsburg monarchy in the 1770s. The Normalschulen were distinct f…
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Notgemeinschaft der durch die Nürnberger Gesetze Betroffenen
Als die mit Jüdinnen verheirateten nicht-jüdischen Ehemänner und die »Mischlinge ersten Grades« ( Mischehen) im Oktober 1944 zur Zwangsarbeit verpflichtet wurden, entwickelten sie dort erstmals ein Gruppengefühl, tauscht…
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Novemberpogrom
Die Legende, die »Reichskristallnacht« sei in Hamburg ohne größere Schäden verlaufen, weil Gauleiter Kaufmann den Pogrom verboten habe, beruht auf dessen Falschaussagen als Zeuge vor dem Internationalen Militärgerichtsho…
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Occupations
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Olitski Brothers
Writers, poets, and educators. Born in Trisk (Turzysk), Volhynia, the Olitski brothers—Leyb, Borukh, and Mates—each made meaningful contributions to Yiddish education and literature. The eldest, Leyb (1895–1975), was an …
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Operetta
Modern Yiddish theater, as conceived by Avrom Goldfadn (1840–1908) in the 1870s, was above all a musical theater, and operetta was doubtless its dominant genre. This musical theater accommodated not only the tastes of th…
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Opinia
Polish Jewish weekly (1933–1939) devoted to political, social, and literary issues. Published by the Alt-Naj Cooperative Publishing House, Opinia: Tygodnik żydowski polityczno-społeczny i literacki (Opinion: Political, S…
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Opposition to Pilpul
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Orenstein Family
Wealthy and prominent rabbinic family. Many members of the Orenstein family filled major rabbinic posts in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Galicia, especially from the middle of the eighteenth century. The first t…
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Organizational Structure
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Orgelbrand Family
Booksellers and publishers in Warsaw. Samuel Orgelbrand (1810–1868) founded the family’s business, which, from the middle of the nineteenth century until its sale in 1920, maintained a leading position in the Polish and …
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Origins
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Origins and Founding
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