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826 entity pages
Max Stern (Kunsthistoriker)
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Medem Sanatorium
Educational and clinical facility for children and young adults at risk for tuberculosis. This sanatorium, which functioned in Międzeszyn near Warsaw between 1926 and 1942, was named after Bundist leader Vladimir Medem (…
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Medicine and Sanitation
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Medieval and Early Modern Periods
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Medieval Messianism
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Memory
Memory per se was not an operative category among East European Jews. Rather, in the premodern period, Jews had their master metaphors organized around saints, sanctuaries, and sacred times. In this way, each generation …
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Memory and the Model Person
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Memory and the Model Place
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Men’s Clothing
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Men’s Headgear
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Meshorerim and the Choir
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Messerer Family
Russian family of dancers and actors. Asaf Messerer (1903–1992) studied privately with Mikhail Mordkin in 1919 in Moscow and was later singled out by Aleksandr Gorsky, who placed him in an experimental class at the Bolsh…
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Messianism
The belief in a coming era of ultimate justice and world peace inaugurated by a redeemer who will liberate Jews from their exilic state, a principle of Jewish faith since classical times. Premodern expressions of Jewish …
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Middle Ages
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Migration since World War I (Population and Migration)
By the end of the twentieth century, most of the East European Jews who survived the Holocaust and their descendants had moved overseas. The migration that occurred before World War II saved many Jewish lives. Between 19…
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Mikra Kodesh
Established in Lemberg in the summer of 1883 as an organization for students, Mikra Kodesh (Holy Assembly) is sometimes considered the first Zionist association in Galicia, though it was not connected to the emergent Ḥov…
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Military Service in Russia
When on 26 August 1827 Nicholas I (r. 1825–1855) issued his Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti (Statute on Conscription Duty) making Jews in Russia liable to personal army service and canceling their prior privilege of providin…
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Minorities Treaties
Informal designation for a series of international agreements concluded following World War I. The Minorities Treaties were drawn up between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers (the United States, the British Empi…
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Mischehen / »Mischlinge«
Seit 1849 durften Hamburger Juden eine interkonfessionelle Mischehe (Me.) eingehen, sofern sie das Bürgerrecht erworben hatten.Ab 1861 bzw. 1865 konnten dann aufgrund der Einführung der Zivilehe auch jüdische Frauen eine…
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Misnagdim
(also Mitnagdim; Heb., opponents), common name for rabbinical opponents of the Hasidic movement, based largely in Lithuania, northern Belorussia, and northeastern Poland, that is, the territory inhabited by Litvaks (Lith…
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