# JudaicaLink dataset rujen-translation, version 2026-10-12
# http://data.judaicalink.org/datasets/rujen-translation/2026-10-12
@prefix jl: .
jl:hasAbstract "ABAKAN (in 1925–31 - Khakassk), a city, the capital of the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation). Main in 1675 as the Abakan prison. In 1782-96 - p. Ust-Abakan province of Tobolsk, in 1796-1822 - Tobolsk, from 1822 - Yenisei province. In 1930–91, it was the capital of the Khakass Autonomous Okrug, part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. 149 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, 188 Jews in 1970, and 146 Jews in 1979."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABAKAN OSTROG, see Abakan."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABASHA, city (since 1964), regional center (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Senaki u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1939 there were 22 Jews living in Armenia, in 1959 - 7, in 1970 - 1, in 1979 - 8 Jews. M.A. Mostkov."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABASOV, does not exist now. In the 19th century. - the village of the Kyurinsky env. Dagestan region Jewish community A. main. immigrants from Derbent in the middle. 17th century The Jews were engaged in agriculture, gardening, viticulture, and fishing. A. was the spiritual center of the nearby Jewish communities. In 1797 (according to another version - in 1799) Armenia was destroyed, 157 Jews were exterminated, approx. 150 were taken prisoner, the rest moved to Derbent. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Armenia; the oldest grave dates back to 1687. (At the beginning of the 19th century, the Jews of Derbent buried their dead in this cemetery.) The author of the piuts Elisha ben Shmuel and comp. Commentary on \"Yad Ha-Hazak\" by Maimonides Gershon Lala ben Moshe Nagdi."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABASTUMANI, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Adigensky district (Georgia). At 17 - early. 19th century - as part of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire. In 1828-40 - in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Akhaltsykh u. Kutaisi, from 1867 - Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1868 25 families (smoke) lived in Armenia, in 1913 there were 26 Jews, in 1926 - 8, in 1939 - 23, in 1970 - 12, in 1979 - 6 Jews (all Ashkenazi ). 17th century Jews who fled from Kakheti settled in A. Main occupations - small trade in the surrounding villages and weaving. With the beginning of the Russian tour. During the war of 1828–29, the Jews of Armenia moved to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). After taking the last one grew. troops returned to Armenia. In the 1840s. because of the post. attacks by the Adjarians, 27 Jewish families again moved to Akhaltsyh. The resettlement of Jews from Armenia to other cities and villages of Georgia continued later. M.A.Kapelyushnikov.D.M.Khananashvili"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABATSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1964), a regional center in the Tyumen region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Abatskoe Ishimsky u. Tobolsk Gubernia. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABATISH, see Abatsky."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABAZOVKA, now part of the village. Korytnoye in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Baltsky district Podolsk, from 1920 - Odessa province. in 1849 by immigrants from Podolsk and Kiev provinces. Initially, 90 families lived in Armenia, and 20 dessiatines were allocated to them. free state lands. Not having experience of working on the land and not receiving benefits from the treasury for the acquisition of agricultural. inventory and draft animals, the colonists did not cultivate their plots, but gave them for grazing. In 1859 - 70, the number of families in the colony decreased from 125 to 40, the inhabitants were poor, engaged in small trade, and harness. In 1872 the lustration commission took away arable land and hayfields from the colonists, leaving only 94 dess. for farmsteads and pastures for cattle (later 80 dess. pastures were plowed up for sowing grain and industrial crops). In 1893, the colony had 43 courtyards and 333 inhabitants; in 1898-99 - 280 inhabitants, in 1905 - 47 households and 324 inhabitants, there was a synagogue. As a result, Civil. war, pogroms, famine, and epidemics by 1922, Armenia ceased to exist."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABCHUK Avrom (1897, Lutsk - 1937), prose writer, literary critic. In 1921 he settled in Kiev, worked as a Hebrew teacher. lang. in schools, then became a scientist. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From 1926 he was published in Heb. g. \"Prolit\", \"Di dig Velt\", \"Stern\", \"Farmest\" and other ed. Mean. event in the present. Heb. the literature was his rum. \"Gershl Shamai\" - about Heb. workers and their new way of life. He also printed scientific research. works on the history of Heb. classic and modern lit-ry. Author of the book: \"Mendele Moicher-Sforim: Zayn lebn un zane verk\" (\"Mendele Moicher-Sforim: His life and his works\"), 1927; \"Gershl Shamai un andere derceilungen\" (\"Gershl Shamai and other stories\"), Kiev, 1929, \"Wegn unzer prose\" (\"About our prose\"), Kharkov-Kiev, 1932; \"Etuden un materiali zu der geshichte fun der geeshichte fun der Yidischer literary-bavegung in FSSR\" (\"Studies and materials for the history of the Jewish literary movement in the USSR\"), Kharkov, 1934; \"Baryshevs Brigade\" (\"Baryshev's Brigade\"), Kiev, 1934, etc. Repressed."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABDULINO, city (since 1923), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1795. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orenburg u. 33 Jews (0.2%) lived in Armenia in 1926, and 35 Jews in 1939."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABELEV Garry Izrailevich (b. 1928, Moscow), biochemist, immunologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987), acad. Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. Science (1992). At the end of biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950) worked at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1977 as part of the department. Virology and immunology of cancer transferred to Oncologic. scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (head of laboratory of immunochemistry). Since 1964 - prof. Department of Virology Biol. Faculty of Moscow State University, where he teaches a course in immunochemistry. tr. on immunochemistry, tumor immunology, immunobiology, cell biochemistry. He discovered the production of an embryospecific protein - alpha-fetoprotein by malignant cells of the liver, testis and ovaries, which formed the basis for immunodiagnostics of certain forms of cancer. He proposed extremely sensitive methods for the determination of antigens, as well as a method for immunodiagnostics of certain forms of leukemia. h. Amer. associations of immunologists and Europe. Society of Oncologists, Chl. New York Academy of Sciences. State pr. USSR (1978), Gold Medal of the Institute of Cancer (1975, USA), Medal Between Nar. about-va of cancer-embryonic biology and medicine (1976), Abbotovskaya pr. (1991). Works: Virology and immunology of cancer. M., 1962 (with L.A. Zilber)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABELEV Nosan Shneurovich (Naum Aleksandrovich) (b. 1901), process engineer, organizer of production. He graduated from Leningrad in 1927. technol. in-t. In 1925–41, working for Leningrad. metallic s-de, was engaged in the development and creation of large-caliber naval and coastal turret artillery. In 1942–44, Ch. engineer, then der. artillery plant. In 1944-57, the director. Taganrog Combine Plant. From 1957 to the beginning. Department of agricultural machines of the North Caucasus Economic Council. Linen. etc. (1964)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABELEV Yuri Matveyevich (real name and surname - Lev Mordukhovich Yuda) (1897, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1971, Moscow), civil engineer. Graduated from the Gomel city (1919) and the Moscow Higher Technical School (1929). From 1931 he worked at Vses. Institute of Foundations and Structures (since 1956 - Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures). One of the founders of a new direction in foundation engineering - construction on subsiding loess soils. The method and principles of construction on loess soils developed by A. in 1934–37 (with N.M. Gersevanov) were the basis of construction in the USSR and in pl. countries of the world. With the participation and consultations of A. on subsidence soils, many were erected. production - Bobrikovsky chemical plant, Zaporizhstal plants, Nikopol South-pipe plant, Volzhsky automobile plant in Togliatti, etc. Introduced creatures. contribution to the development of methods for the study of soils and construction on soft soils. Became. pr. (1948). Cit .: Practice of construction on loesslike soils according to the experience of Kuznetskstroy, M.-L., 1934; Course of foundations and foundations, M.-L., 1934 (jointly with Sh.Ts. Voin); Erection of buildings and structures on fill soils, M., 1962 (with V.I.Krutov); Building in the USSR: 1917-1967, M., 1967 (co-author); Fundamentals of design and construction on subsidence macroporous soils. 3rd ed., M., 1979 (with M.Yu. Abelev)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABELI, see Obey."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABEL Shloyme (1857 - 1886), rabbi and publicist. He taught at the yeshiva in Telšiai. Author of Art., Publ. in Heb. periodic. press directed against the socialist. and anarchist ideas. In the book. A. \"Beis Shlomo\" (Vilna, 1893) examines the issues of human relationships."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABELMAN Ilya Solomonovich (1866, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1898, Vilna), astronomer. Graduated from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1891). Hands. the best private observatory of the Schwabe company. Then at the Pulkovo observatory. Among his scientific. works - \"Collection of Algebraic Problems\" (Riga, 1887) and \"On Falling Stars\"; the latter was adopted by Moscow. un-tom as a manual for young astronomers. The work \"On the motion of meteor showers\" was published in 1898 Imp. Russian astronomical. about-vom of St. Petersburg. A. is the author of pl. Art. on astronomy in rus. and it. lang."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABELSON Avrom-Yoel (1841, Marijampole, Suvalki province - 1903, Odessa), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He was a rabbi in several cities of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1883-1903 he was a rabbi in Odessa. From 1893 he produced the rabbinical train. \"Kneses hahamey Israel\". He headed the Zionist organizations in Odessa. Published in Heb. periodic. ed."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABEZGAUZ Evgeny Zalmanovich (b. 1939, Leningrad), painter. Studied in Leningrad at Electrotechnical. in-those communications them. MABonch-Bruevich (1957–62) and at the Higher. art-prom. uch-shche them. VI Mukhina (former Baron Stieglitz) (1968–72). In 1974, org. Leningrad. gr. Heb. thin Alef participated in her exhibitions in Moscow, Leningrad and abroad. Since 1977 - in Israel. Had staff. exhibitions in pl. countries of the world. A.'s works are kept in museums and private collections. Russia (including the State Russian Museum), Israel, USA, Canada, etc."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABIATAR (IV century, Georgia), legends. spiritual hand. Jews of Georgia. In the chronicle \"Kartlis Tskhovreba\" (\"Life of Georgia\") A. and his daughter Sidonia are named the first known. writers of Ancient Georgia. It is known that A., considering Christ as one of the teaches. Judaism, began to promote its spread in Georgia, which led to the split of Heb. communities. A. was subjected to persecution, an attempt was made to stone A. and his daughter, from which they were saved only by the intervention of the king."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABINSK, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Vozn. like the Abinsk fortification. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Abinskaya Temryuk dep. Kuban Region In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABINSKAYA, see Abinsk."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABIN FORTIFICATION, see Abinsk."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABKIN Abram Davydovich (1903, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1983, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. from 1959. In 1928 graduated from Kazan University. From 1928 he worked in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova in Moscow, head. laboratory basic scientific. tr. are devoted to the study of the mechanism of polymerization. processes. Developed quantities, the theory of copolymerization (1951), research. ionic radiation polymerization and the influence of nature, environment on the polymerization of water-soluble monomers. Created (1966–70) an original method for producing polyacrylamide. Carried out solid-phase polymerization of a number of monomers at a temperature of approx. 4 ° C. In 1980 he discovered a photosensitizer. polymerization taking place at a temperature of approx. 4 ° K with a high rate and almost complete monomer conversion. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1974). Linen. pr. (1980). Works: Radiation chemistry of polymers, Moscow, 1973 (with co-authors)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABO, see Turku."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAGAM Anatol (Anatoly Izrailevich) (b. 1914, Moscow), physicist. Lives in France since 1925. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1937). Since 1947 - at the Atomic Energy Commissariat. Since 1960 - prof. College de France. Member Parisian Academy of Sciences (1973), Brit. Royal Society and other scientific. org-tions. Main tr. in the field of magnetism and solid state physics, in particular, nuclear magnetism, hyperfine structure of a solid, the theory of spin temperature, polarization of nuclei, gamma-resonance spectroscopy of a solid. Works: Yaderny Magnetism, Moscow, 1963; Electronic paramagnetic resonance of transition ions (et al.), M., 1973 (translated from French); Nuclear Magnetism: Order and Disorder (et al.), Vol. 1, 2, M., 1984; Backward Time, or Physicist, Physicist, Where Have You Been, M., 1991."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAGAMSON Bernard Yakovlevich (1798, Lemberg - 1874, Odessa), doctor and society, activist. R. in the family of the master of surgery and obstetrics of the local un-that. Studied for honey. f-takh of Krakow and Berlin un-tov. Since 1824, Doctor of Medicine Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. From 1835 - to the state. service. In 1838-43 - military. doctor. In 1843 - 47 chap. doctor of the Kiev province. at the Cherkasy district administration. In 1847, he retired with the rank of court councilor. He was engaged in private practice in Odessa, was a che. scientist to-that Min-va state. property. The participant will enlighten the activities of the Maskilim. In the field of reform, Heb. education sotr. with M. Lilienthal and O. Rabinovich, becoming related with the latter (A.'s son is the husband of his daughter). Raised to the hereditary nobility of the Vladimir province. Author of the op .: \"Odessa estuaries, their medicinal properties and use in various diseases\" (Odessa, 1850)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAKHAMOV Naftali (b. 1905, Bukhara), an entrepreneur in the region. tourism. From 1913 in E.-I. Graduated from Ped. seminary in Jerusalem. In 1928–37 he served in banks and in the Palestinian Authority, and later headed the Heb. schools in Iran and Afghanistan. The Creator will order. dir. tourist firms \"Abrahamov Brothers\" and \"Abratur\"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAHAMS Israel (1903, Vilna - 1973, Cape Town, South Africa), rabbi, writer. Studied at the University of London, received a master's degree in the humanities. From 1928 to 1932 he was rabbi of the Shepherds Bush synagogue in London, and from 1933 to 1937 - the Great Synagogue in Manchester. Since 1937 - in South Africa, Ch. Rabbi of Cape Town. Since 1938 - prof. Hebrew (Cape Town University). Head of the Rabbinical Court (Beth Din) and dec. educational and societies, institutions. The author of the books: \"Remember the past days\" (1942), \"War and Peace\" (1943), \"Tragedy and Hope\" (1944), \"Foundations of Judaism\" (1945), \"Essays on the History of the Jews Vost. provinces (Cape) from 1870 to 1902 \",\" The birth of a community \"(1955)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV (real name Pasternak) Abram Matveyevich (| - |), opera singer (bass). He worked as a machinist at the Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway. D., studied in Moscow. He made his opera debut in Kiev. In 1876–82 he was a soloist of the Bolshoi Theater (he made his debut in the part of Susanin in A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka). From 1882 he was a soloist of the Mariinsky Theater (he made his debut in the part of Ramses in Aida by G. Verdi). He toured the USA and Italy (1884), Mexico and Cuba (1886-87), Great Britain (1890). Among the parties: Demon (\"The Demon\" by A.G. Rubinstein), Eliakim and Holofernes (\"Judith\" by A.N.Serov), Cardinal (\"The Jew\" by F. Galevi)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV Lev Solomonovich (b. 1919, Dmitrov Moscow province), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1993). Graduated from geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1941. In 1942 52 served in the army. In 1952–60 scientific. ed. g. \"Nature\". Since 1960 he has been working at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Deputy ch. ed. g. \"Izvestia RAN: Series of Geography\". Tr. on the history of geogr. science in Russia, by physical. geography."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV Shetiel Semenovich (b. 1918, Derbent), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Studied at Grozny Oil. in-those. Since 1941 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Grozny military infantry. uch-shche. From May 1942 - at the front. Deputy com. battalion, captain A. rank Hero of the Sov. The Union was awarded for the liberation of Poznan. In 1949 he graduated from Grozny Oil. in-t. Cand. geological and mineralogical. sciences. Head Department of General Geology of Grozny Oil. in-that, dean of the geological-prospecting faculty."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV Solomon Abramovich (1884, Lipy, Mogilev Province - 1957, Moscow), publisher, editor, art critic and poet. Studied at Kazan University. In 1917 in Moscow he created a private publishing house \"Tvorchestvo\", a cut published by many. poetic collections (first publications) izv. later poets, literary-artistic. and children's almanacs \"Creativity\", art-publ. g. “Moscow” (No. 1-7, 1918-22), “Rus. art ”(No. 1–3, 1923–24), as well as ser. monographs about the masters of the \"World of Art\", \"Union of Rus. thin. \" and others. In the 1920s - early. 1930s was, along with I.E. Grabar, K.F. Yuon and S.L. Vinogradov, co-founder of the cooperative Moscow. thin publishing house that produced thin. and a suit-vedic literature. Under contracts with Izogiz, he produced high-quality. albums of reproductions (\"Museum of New Western Art\", \"Koro in the Museums of the USSR\", etc.), postcards. In recent years, he was engaged in the assembly of traveling exhibitions of reproductions."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV Zalman (b. 1908), polit. activist. From 1920 in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya state institution. Member central bodies of the General Zionists. Dep. Knesset 4-8 convocations: first from the General Zionists, and then from the Liberal Party. For many years he was before. Israel-USA Friendship Society. Author pl. articles on current topics in Israeli and foreign affairs. press."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH (real family member Rein) Raphael Abramovich (1880, Dinaburg - 1963, New York), politician, activist. Studied at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those; in 1901 he was expelled for participation in illegal activities. student circles. Completed his education in Liege (Belgium). From 1901 - member. Bund, was arrested, after his release he went abroad, worked in gr. assistance to the Bund. In 1903 he took part in the 5th Congress of the Bund, then returned illegally to Russia; worked in Bund organizations in Vilna and Warsaw. In 1904 he was co-opted into the Central Committee of the Bund. In the end. 1905 - member. Petersburg. Council of the slave. dep. In 1906 - cases. (with a deliberative voice) from the Bund at the 4th Congress of the RSDLP; elected member Central Committee. In 1907 - cases. 5th Congress of the RSDLP, where he joined the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction, one of the leaders of the \"liquidationist\" trend. in the Central Committee of the Bund. In 1910 he was exiled to the Vologda province, from where he fled abroad. In 1912-14, while living in Vienna, he was a member. editions of the legal organs of the Bund. In the years of the 1st world. war stood on \"centrist\" (social-pacifist) positions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, re-entered the Central Committee of the Bund, and within the RSDLP joined gr. Menshevik internationalists. Dep. Petrogr. Council. Was a member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, and then the Bureau of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In aug. participated in the work of the State. meetings. On Sept. participated in the work of Demokr. meetings in Oct. - member Time. Council Ros. rep. (Pre-parliament). In the end. oct. - cases. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, called on cases. leave the congress in protest against the arms. performances of the Bolsheviks. 07/23/1918 arrested, released at the end. jan. 1919 at the request of the Western European s.-d. In the years of civil. war supported the tactics of \"peace with the Bolsheviks.\" After the decision of the 12th Conf. Bund (April 1920) on the withdrawal from the RSDLP and on the recognition of the program of the RCP (b) one of the created. S.-d. Bund, who stood for the Menshevik. positions. In oct. 1920 went abroad, headed Zagran. delegation of the Central Committee of St. Bund, became part of Zagran. delegation of the RSDLP; in 1921 he participated in the creation of the railway. \"Socialist. messenger \", to-rogo entered the editorial office until his death. In May 1923 after the creation. Socialist. Workers' International - member. Bureau of his Executive Committee. From 1940 he lived in the United States, the author of the memoirs \"Sov. revolution: 1917-1939. \" (1962, in English)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Abram Grigorievich (1910, Katerinka, Kherson province - 1937, Brunete, Spain), Hero of Owls. Union (1937). Since 1932 - in Kr. Army. Com. tank. platoon. leit., participant citizen wars in Spain. Killed in battle."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Alexander Vladimirovich (1900, Odessa - 1988, Chisinau), musicologist. Grandson of the Jewish writer Mendel Moicher-Sforim. Graduated from the Odessa Music Theater. in-t them. L. Beethoven in 1924, in 1926 - jurid. Faculty of Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va. In 1924-30, a teacher of music. literature and head. uch. part of the muses. courses. In 1929–41 he taught the history of music at the Odessa muses. technical school, at the same time. from 1930 he read the history of music in the Odessa State. cons. in 1933–41 deputy. dir. by scientific. and uch. work. In 1941–49 he taught at the Irkutsk muses. uch-shche and in the same place was ed. muses. broadcasting obl. radio-ta. In 1949–70 he headed the Department of Music History of the Chisinau State. cons. Articles published in Moscow. collection of books in 1955-73, devoted to the history of muses. culture of the Sov. Moldavia and other problems of mold. music. Member Union comp. Moldova since 1957. Awarded with medals and honors. diplomas. Daughter - Elena Aleksandrovna A. - musicologist and teacher of the history of music."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Boris Alexandrovich (b. 1910, Kharkov), pianist-ensemble player. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1930), where in 1931–32 he was an assistant in the opera class and the department of chamber singing; worked with K.N.Dorliak, Z.P.Lodiy, A.L.Dolivo and others. Since 1933, accompanist Mosk. Philharmonic. In 1934–40 he was an accompanist in the class of A.V. Nezhdanova at the Bolshoi Opera Studio, and was also Nezhdanova's accompanist. In 1941–43 he worked in the Leningrad city evacuated to Molotov (now Perm). Opera and Ballet Theater as an assistant to A.M. Pazovsky - Ch. conductor and thin. hands. t-ra. He performed in an ensemble with the largest owls. and foreign vocalists (including with D.Ya. Pantofel-Nechetskaya, E. Bandrovskaya-Turskaya)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH David Iosifovich (1904, Yukseevo, Yenisei province - 1966, Novosibirsk region), geographer-hydrologist and climatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1947). Graduated in 1930 Geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1930–36 he worked at Gidrologich. in-those and simultaneously. was an assistant at the Department of Hydrology of Moscow State University. In 1936–49 in Geogr. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Since 1949 in Zap.-Sib. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the lab. hydrology Transport and energy in-that in Novosibirsk. Since 1964 - at the Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. In 1952-66 before. Novosibirsk branch Geogr. about-va USSR, scientific. hands. exp. research on the study of reservoirs of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric station, runoff in the Middle Ob. Osn. work related to the development of problems of water resources use in the bunkers. x-ve. In 1931–34 research. sediments of river Dagestan runoff for the construction of a number of hydroelectric power plants at pp. Sulak and Samur and published the country's first monograph on this issue. In 1960, for the first time, he gave a comprehensive coverage of the natural conditions of the Kulunda steppe, established the size of the static. and dynamic. sediments of groundwater on this territory. Completed a cycle of works on the use of water. resources in with. x-ve Zap. Siberia, works: Research. sediment load of the Sulak River, M.-L., 1935; The Pakhra River - as an example of small rivers Mosk. region, M.-L., 1946; Waters of the Kulundinskaya steppe, Novosibirsk, 1960."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Dov-Menashe (1870, Rossieny, Kovno province - 1942, Siauliai), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. All R. 1890s - 1915 - Rabbi in Rossiens. In 1915 he was evacuated to Ukraine. Passed as an external student for the course of the city and graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University. Since 1920 - in Lithuania. He was one of the most famous lawyers in Lithuania. Prev Heb. communities of Siauliai. Member commission for assistance to refugees from Germany. One of the leaders of religions. Zionism in Lithuania. 1941–42 - member. Judenrat in the Siauliai ghetto. Founded in the ghetto Heb. school."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Emily (Emil) Abramovich (1864, Grodno - 1922, Saratov), politician, activist, doctor. He graduated from the city of Grodno (1882). He studied at the Sorbonne (Paris), then honey. Faculty of Dorpat University (graduated in 1889). In student. years chl. Marxist, circle in Dorpat. In 1884–88, coming to Minsk for the summer, he led a roar. propaganda among the Hebrews. workers and artisans, joint. with L.E.Berkovich created a number of first workers' circles in the city, made up a program for classes in them (it was used until the second half of the 1890s). In 1886–87 he organized a study circle in Vilna, from which a number of prominent propagandists emerged. In 1889 he moved to Kiev, joint venture. with Berkovich created one of the first Social-Democrats. org-tions in southern Russia, organized a library, a mutual aid fund, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. Arrested in the same year. By imperial command, in 1890 he was imprisoned for 2 years in the Kresty prison (St. Petersburg), in 1892 he was exiled to Olekminsk, Yakutsk region, then to Nizhneudinsk, where he worked as a doctor. In 1896 he returned to Europe. Russia, settled in Smolensk. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s worked as a doctor for angry. mines in Siberia, then in Saratov, where he was a member of the local Social-Democratic Party. org-tion. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP - Menshevik. In the 2nd floor. 1900s lived and worked in Yekaterinoslav. In 1912 for the publication of Art. arrested on the occasion of the Lena execution and exiled to Siberia. In 1915-17 he worked as a doctor in the village. Kaptsevo, Yaroslavl province. After 1917 he returned to Saratov, was one of the hands. local organization RSDLP, was persecuted by the Sov. authorities. In the 1910s. in letters to friends, he was pessimistic about the prospects of growing up. Jewry."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Genrikh Naumovich (b. 1911, Warsaw), scientist, specialist in the region. theoretical and applied gas. speakers. R. in the family of a mechanical engineer. Graduated from Moscow. engineering and construction. Institute (1932). In 1932–44 he worked at the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those (TsAGI) - Ing. (until 1938), deputy. early experiment. dep. (1938–42), early. aerodynamic. lab. (1942–44). In 1944–45 - deputy. early Research Institute-1 of the Ministry of Aviation industry of the USSR. At the same time. from 1939 he taught. work in Moscow. Aviation in-those (since 1945 prof., in 1962–82 - head of the department of theory of air-jet engines). Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1976). Doct. tech. Sciences (1939). work in the region. turbulent flows. One of the hands. projects of large wind tunnels (1934–39), proposed and substantiated projects of transonic and supersonic aerodynamics. pipes of high power with a closed working part and variable pressure (1936–40). Developed (since 1939) the basis for gas. dynamics of a ramjet engine at subsonic speeds. Created (1942) the theory of the centrifugal nozzle, which was used in the design and creation of jet engines. Author of the textbook “Applied Gas. dynamics ”(1951), which went through 5 editions. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1972). Became. pr. (1943) Cit .: Gaz. dynamics of jet engines, M., 1947; Foundations of theories of air-jet engines, M., 1947; The theory of turbulent jets, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1984 (in co-authorship); Applied gas. dynamics, parts 1–2, 5th ed., 1991."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH German (1880 - 1948), rabbi, society. activist in the field of social. provision. From 1890 to the USA. He was educated at New York College, becoming a bachelor in 1900. After graduating from Theological Seminary in 1902, he was elected Rabbi of the Shaar Gashomayim Congregation in Montreal (Canada), where he was actively involved in educational, educational and philanthropic activities. He was one of the main founders of the \"Sinai\" sanatorium for tuberculosis patients and a member. to-that on the organization of the Montreal Federation of Jews. philanthropic societies. In 1907 he was one of the first graduates of the Theological Seminary to receive a doctorate; in 1932 he was awarded another doctorate. In 1909, having created a whole network of Hebrews. schools in Canadian agriculture. colonies belonging to the Association of Heb. settlers, A. became the director. Department of Education. Thanks to his achievements in this area, he was invited to the Canadian committee and in 1913 was sent on his behalf to the conference. in Paris. Represented Canada at the Congress. Zionists, held in Vienna the same year. Former prez. United Synagogues of America (1926) A. remained a member of the executive. to-that of this organization. The director also worked. Federation of Heb. philanthropic societies in Montreal, was hand. Montreal Hospital and Poch. Vice President Zionist organization of Canada. Member first Heb. about-va of school workers at Quebec. During the 1st world. war served as a soldier. a rabbi in the Canadian army."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Grigory (ps. Zevi Avraami, V. Farbman, Mikhail Farbman) (1880 - 1933), socialist Zionist, publicist, publisher, journalist. He studied in Munich and Zurich, where he became an active Zionist. Supported the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda, wrote a number of articles on Zionism and the Ugandan problem (published in the Zionist newspaper \"Evr. Zhizn\", 1905). The author of Art. about Heb. emigration and economy. Moving away from societies. activity, created the publisher. the firm. From 1915 he lived in England, wrote Art. as an expert Sovietologist for English. and Amer. g. Among his book. - \"After Lenin\" (1924), \"Five-Year Plan\" (1931)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Joseph Isaakovich (b. 1901), specialist in the region. lifting and transport equipment, prom organizer page-va. He graduated from the Kharkov building. in-t. From 1935 ch. engineer, then early. building of the Verkhne-Saldinsky plant. In 1936–39, associate professor of Moscow. in-that chem. machine. From 1940 ch. Defense Engineer Since 1942, he headed the construction of the aviation complex. s-dov near Kuibyshev, other industrial objects. production. In 1944 he directed the development of the project and methods of high-speed construction. After 1945 he headed the construction of a number of large industrial enterprises. objects. Author of Art., Uch. benefits. Became. pr. (1944). Works: Lifting machines, parts 1–2, Moscow, 1956 (jointly with L.G. Kifer); Atlas of drawings for lifting machines, Moscow, 1956 (with L.G. Kiefer)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Mikhail (1860, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1940, Brussels), poet. Son of Mendele Moicher-Sforim. He spent his early years in Zhitomir. Graduated from the city. From a young age he joined the roar. movement, was a member. Zhytomyr circle of populists. In 1877 he was brought to trial, several. months was under house arrest. In the fall of 1878 he arrived in St. Petersburg to enter a medical surgeon. Academy, but was arrested and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. After his release in 1884, he lived for some time in Odessa, where he graduated as an external lawyer. f-t. Novoros. un-that. In the beginning. 1880s printed poetry in Russian. lang. in f. \"Voskhod\", and in 1889 released Sat. \"Poems\", in which biblical motives predominated, ist. themes and love lyrics. In 1891 he published in Zh. \"Sunrise\" per. several heads of pov. his father \"Nag\", which led to the suspension of the publication of g. After the revolution, he moved to Zap. Europe to the end. life lived in Brussels. Son - Vsevolod (1890-1913) - was one of the first Russian. aviators. For the first time in the history of aviation in 1912 he made a long flight Berlin-Petersburg, died in a plane crash."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Mikhail Vladimirovich (1884, Baku - 1965, ibid.), Specialist in the region. geology of oil fields, acad. AN Azerb. SSR (1955). After graduating in 1910 Petersburg. mining institute worked in the oil industry of Azerbaijan (until 1930), then headed the department of geology of Azerb. Phil. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the study of oil fields of the Apsheron Peninsula, the productive strata were identified in its stratigraphic. section. He proved the possibility of dividing the oil strata into formations, the rhythm of the accumulation of oil sediments. Participated in the creation of a system for the rational placement of wells in the development of oil-bearing formations. He proposed the use of gas logging in the search for oil and gas. Developed a methodology for assessing oil and gas resources. Author of the first textbook in the USSR on prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields. A submarine uplift in the Caspian Sea is named after A."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Nikolay Yakovlevich (1881, Taganrog Region. Don Cossack - 1922, Moscow), writer. Published under ps. P.Kadmiya, Aratov. Graduated from grade 7. Taganrog city. From 15 years old publ. in the local press. From the beginning. 1900s - to petersburg. and sinks. ed. In 1909 he published the Social-Democrats. gas. \"New Day\", soon closed by the censors. How lit. the critic belonged to the modernists. He also wrote philosophy. work. In rum. \"Woman on the Way\" (M., 1917) and in issl. \"Woman and the world of male culture\" (M., 1913) expressed A.'s antifeminism. In the pamphlets \"Russian word\", \"New time\" and seduced babies \" about-va under the pernicious influence of big newspapers. A. had an inherent feeling of disaster. development of Russia. Compiled by A. “History of Rus. poetry \"was awarded in 1914 by the Scientist of the Min-va Nar. education. He died as a psychiatrist at the Kanatchikova Dacha hospital. Works: Man of the Future, St. Petersburg, 1908; In the autumn gardens. Lit-ra of today, M., 1909; The philosophy of murder, M., 1913; Demon of nakedness, M., 1916; Modern lyrics, M., 1921."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Zeev (Zinovy Khefets) (1891-1970), polit. activist. Before the 1st world. Poalei Zion was an active activist during the war. After the revolution - one of the leaders of this party in Russia. After the split of Poalei, Zion joined her lion. wing. From 1922 in E.-I. One of the leaders is a lion. labor movement in E.-I., its ideologist. Later - one of the leaders of the Mapam party."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVO, a village in the Kamenets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Avraamovo, Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1872, 10 Jewish families lived in Armenia, in 1921 there were 97 Jews (100%), and in 1935 the Jewish population was 75%. In the beginning. jan. 1941 Jews of Azerbaijan were sent to the ghetto in Kamenets-Litovsk (present-day Kamenets). 9 nov. 1942 Jews gathered on the railway stations in Vysokoe were sent to Treblinka."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMS Charles (1901, Vilna - 1970, New York), lawyer and writer. In the USA since 1904.Since 1924 member. New York Bar Association. In the 1920s and 30s. participated in the struggle for the preservation of Greenwich Village, its ist. streets and buildings. In 1934–37 in the mountains. council of New York, then in decomp. missions providing tech. assistance to developing countries. In 1936–60 he lectured on urbanization and economics at the New York School of Social. issl., in 1965 headed the faculty of mountains. planning price at Columbia Unt. Vice President liber. batch pcs. New York (1940), prev. commission pcs. New York Against Discrimination and Chl. Harriman's Cabinet (1955–59). The author of the book. and Art. on the mountains. planning and living. pages: \"Revolution on the ground\" (1937), \"The future lived. p-va \"(1946),\" Forbidden Neighborhood \"(1955),\" Struggle for Shelter \"(1964)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "Abraham Yehezkel (1886, Dashkovichi, Grodno province - 1976, Jerusalem), rabbi, Talmudist, commentator on rabbinical sources. He studied at large Lithuanian yeshivas. In 1912-14, the rabbi in the Smolyany borough of Orshansky district. Mogilev province, in 1914–23 - in the m. Smolevichi, Minsk province, in 1923–30 - in Slutsk. In 1928, joint. with Sh.I. Zevin published a rabbinic journal. \"Yagdil Toire\", the only edition. of this kind in the USSR. In 1930 he was sentenced to 10 years for “counterrev. activity \". In 1931 he was released and left for England. He held the position of Dayan in London Religion. court. Since 1951 - in Israel. Pres. Associations of yeshivas. Member Council of Sages of the Torah - supreme. body of the party Agudat Yisrael. State pr. Israel (rabbinic literature, 1956) for research. work in the field of halakha."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMSKY Shmuel (b. 1913, Suwalki), ethnographer. In his youth - an active member. Communist Party of Poland. In 1930 he was arrested and spent a year in prison. In E.-I. since 1934. Studied at ped. seminary in Jerusalem, graduated from Heb. un-t in the same place. Was a lion activist. socialist movement. In 1938 he retired from watered, activities. Published articles and research, dedicated. ist. geography and archeology E.-I. Ed. \"Encyclopedias of Biblical Geography\"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMSON Manuil (Emmanuil) Moiseevich (ps. Mazurin) (1898, p. Privolnoye, Kherson province - 1941), orientalist-Sinologist. R. in the family of a farmer-colonist. In 1924 he graduated from the whale. Dipl. Faculty of Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (MIV), worked in China, from 1928 on scientific. work in the Communist. un-those workers of China and research institutes in China. Member of the Harbin and Vladivostok underground in civil. war; secretary-referent VK Blucher in the \"Great campaign\" 1925-27 in China, sotr. Comintern, Far East. Secretariat of the ECCI. In 1935-37 at the Institute of World Economy and World Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member editorial board “Mat-fishing on the whale. question \". The author of the work \"Polit. about-va and parties in China \"(\" New East \", 1922, No. 1), reference encyclopedic. materials, etc. Ed. A. published “Brief Kit.-Rus. dictionary \"V.S.Kolokolov (sred. Hu Jia; M., 1935) and others. 1938 arrested."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMSON Shakhno Girshevich (Alexander Grigorievich) (1861 - 1907, Kovno), attorney at law. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Dep. 2nd State thoughts from the Kovno lips. He was a member of the cadet faction."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMSON Shraga (b. 1915, Tsekhanovets Grodno province), rabbi. In 1936 he was promoted to rabbi in omжеa and in the same year he moved to E.-J. In 1950 he graduated from Heb. un-t in Jerusalem. In 1952–58 - prof. Heb. theological. seminaries (New York), from 1958 - Heb. un-that. Member Academy of Hebrew, was its vice-president. and ed. g. Lachoneinu (1970-80). State pr. Israel (Judaism) in 1974 for the study of the rabbinical literature of the Talmud era and the period of the Gaons and their languages., Middle-century. biblical exegesis, poetry and prose of the Middle Ages in Hebrew, Wed-century. philology lang. Hebrew."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAMZON Saul Mendelevich (b. 1905, Dmitrovsk, Orel province), ethnographer. Dr. East Sciences (1969). R. in the family of a craftsman. Graduated from ethnography. department of geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1926). In 1926–31 the first director. Museum of Local Lore in Frunze (Kyrgyzstan). Since 1931 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Department of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on ethnography and ethnicity. history of the Kyrgyz. In 1962 and 1973, A.'s works were sharply criticized, and A. himself was accused of “Kirg. nationalism \". Cit .: Essay on the culture of the Kyrgyz. people, Frunze, 1946; Kirghiz and their ethnogenetic. historical and cultural ties, L., 1971 (republished by Frunze, 1990)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRAS Yehoshua (1820, Brody, Austria - 1896, Odessa), cantor. From childhood he became famous for his singing. Studied with B. Schulzinger and Sulzer. He was a cantor in Tarnopol, Lvov and Odessa (from 1880). He had the best singers of his generation. data. Issued Sat. melodies and tunes to prayers (Vienna, 1874)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRENE, see Pytalovo."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ABRIKOSOV Alexey Alekseevich (b. 1928, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. (1964), acad. (1987) Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1948). In 1948–65 he worked at Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1965–88 the head. dep. Ying-that theoretical. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.D. Landau. In 1988–91, the director. Institute of Physics of High Pressure of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1991 advisor at the directorate of this Institute. At the same time. since 1966 - prof. Moscow un-that, in 1976-91 - head. Department of Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. Since 1991 he has been working in the USA under a contract. interests - TV theory. bodies, quantum electrodynamics, physics of metals, theory of superconductivity, plasma physics. Calculated Green's functions and effective cross sections of different. processes at high energies in quantum electrodynamics (1954–56). He put forward the idea of the existence of type II superconductors (1952). Built the theory of magn. properties of superconducting alloys, introducing the concept of two critical. fields and a \"mixed\" state with a vortex structure of currents (\"vortices of Abrikosov\", 1957). Joint. with LP Gorkov developed the theory of superconductors with magn. impurities and predicted the phenomenon of gapless superconductivity (1960). Research properties of highly compressed matter, gave the equation of state of hydrogen at ultrahigh pressures with the transition from the molecular to atomic phase (1954). He created a theory of semimetals like bismuth, predicted the appearance of a gapless state and excitonic phases in a strong magn. field, proposed the theory of gapless conductors (1970–74). Developed a general approach for studying the conductivity of quasi-one-dimensional systems and introduced the concept of the delocalization parameter (1976). Created the theory of spin glasses with short-range action (1978–80). Develops the theory of high-temperature superconductivity (crystalline excitonic phases with heavy holes). The author of St. 300 scientific. works. Linen. pr. (1966), State. pr. USSR (1982), Intern. etc. them. F. London (1972), Ave. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.D. Landau, Works: Introduction to the theory of normal metals, Moscow, 1972 (English, 1972); The phenomenon of gapless superconductivity of metals, M., 1985; Foundations of the theory of metals, M., 1987; Methods of quantum field theory in statistical physics, M., 1962; 2nd ed., M., 1989 (jointly with L.P. Gorkov and I.E. Dzyaloshinsky)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ACHIR, a village in the Omsk district of the Omsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1929, the first in the West was created in the Achair region. Siberia Jewish s.-kh. the team \"Equality\" (300 people); wall gas came out. \"The Voice of the Jewish Farmer\"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ACHINSK, city, regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1682. In 1782 - the district town of the Tomsk region. Tobolsk governorship, from 1822 - in the Yenisei province. 161 Jews lived in Armenia in 1861, in 1888 - 308, in 1897 - 484, in 1904 - 572, in 1905 - 580, in 1910 - 565 (6.2%). in 1913 - 776, in 1917 - 1091 (7.5%), in 1920 - 1149, in 1926 - 1192 (6.7%), in 1939 - 675 Jews. 19th century Jewish exiles began to settle in A. In 1859–61 there was a wooden synagogue; in 1895, with the permission of the Minister of the Interior, another synagogue was opened. In 1910, there were two synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia, and in 1913–14, a society of benefits for poor Jews. March-Apr. 1917 Jewish literature was formed in Armenia. on-in, there were Zionist groups and a branch of the Bund. From 1918 to 1919 a Zionist organization functioned in Armenia. In 1921 a branch of the Irkutsk Jewish library was opened. A Jewish school operated in 1920–25. In the 1930s. OK. A. there were 2 Jewish collective farms. In the 1990s. a Jewish community was created. M.A.Milshtein.I.V. Us"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ACHKINAZI Veniamin Moiseevich (Boris Mikhailovich) (1927 - 1992, Simferopol), historian. Graduated from the Crimean state. un-t. Collector of materials on the language and folklore of the Krymchaks. The author of several. publications about the Krymchaks. First prev. Crimean cultural and educational. about-va \"Krymchakhlar\". Apologist for the theory of non-ethnicity of the Krymchaks. Jewry."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADABASH, railway station in the Novoukrainsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Adabashevo Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. During the 2nd world. During the war, there was a prisoner of war camp in Armenia. In oct. 1941, 150 Jewish prisoners of war were shot in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADABASHEVO, see Adabash."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADALBERG Shmuel (1868, Warsaw - 1939, ibid.), Lit. critic, folklorist. He studied in different Europe. capitals. The main tr. A. is a collection of Polish proverbs and sayings (1889–94), the largest in the world. For this work A. was awarded a membership in the Krakow Academy of Sciences. A. translated and annotated 580 Heb. proverbs from the collection of I. Bernstein. They were published in the Polish Ethnographic. g. \"Vistula\" (v. 4, 1890), and later dep. book From 1918 A. was an adviser on Hebrew. issues in the Polish Ministry of Education and Religion and did everything possible to promote the Heb. communities and institutions. When the Nazis occupied Warsaw, he committed suicide."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADAM Baal-Shem-Tov, legendary figure of the 18th century According to legend, A. bequeathed his comments to the Kabbalah to Rabbi I. Baal Shem Tov. Some people believe that A. is Rabbi Dovid Moishe Avraham of Rohatyn, who is considered the teacher of the Baal Shem Tov."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADAMOV, see Adamov."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADAMUV, a city in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Adamov Lukovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 494 Jews (32.7%) lived in Armenia in 1897. The Jewish population of Armenia was exterminated during the Holocaust."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADASKINA Ginda Simkhovna (b. 1928, Moscow), trapeze trapeze artist. In 1949 she graduated from the State. school of circus arts. She performed in the program \"Women - Masters of the Soviet Circus\". After being injured in 1953, she worked as an assistant at E.T.Kio's illusion attraction. Since 1955 again an aerialist. In 1960 she prepared a complex innovative number on the air horizontal bar. From 1974 - stage director. The performances, staged by A., have repeatedly become laureates of competitions. Honored. art. RSFSR (1971)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADEL (1725— |), the only and beloved daughter of I. Baal-Shem-Tov. She was very revered by the Hasidim and entered Hasidic folklore as the image of an ideal woman. She was educated by her father. Accompanied him during his trip to E.-I. A.'s grandson - Rabbi Nachman from Bratslav."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADELBERG Avraham (1875, Vilna - 1936, New York), entrepreneur, societies. activist. He studied at the yeshiva in Vilna and in the city of St. Petersburg. Since 1888 in the USA, where he created a network of sewing companies. In 1907 he helped a lot in the creation of Sidehurst Park on Long Island. Since 1910, members the first Board of Trustees of Sidehurst County, in 1920–24 - its treasurer, in 1926–27 the governor of the district; from 1928 to 1932 he was unanimously elected mayor of Sidehurst three times. Collaborated with decomp. philanthropic., societies. and patriotic. about-you, during the 1st world. war is one of the leaders of societies. movement for aid to soldiers, donated 100 thousand dollars for the construction of soldiers. club (later - the residence of the American Legion)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADELHEIM, br. - Robert Lvovich (1860, Moscow - 1934, ibid.) And Rafail Lvovich (1861, Moscow - 1938, ibid.), Actors. Robert graduated from technical. uch-shche, later studied singing and fencing in Italy, Raphael was educated at the conservatory in the class of php. In 1888 A. graduated from drama. branch of the Vienna Conservatory, several. years worked in t-ts Germany, Austria, Switzerland. In 1894 Raphael and then Robert (in 1895) returned to Russia. Raphael made his debut in Oryol as Lear (King Lear, W. Shakespeare), Robert - in Zhitomir as Uriel Acosta (play of the same name by K. Gutskov). Soon, the brothers teamed up and toured for about 40 years. cities of Russia, incl. in Moscow and Petrograd, only occasionally performing on stage post. t-ditch. The repertoire of the A. brothers was extensive, it included the best works of classical music. drama. Robert played Ch. arr. heroic. roles: Acosta (Uriel Acosta, Gutskova), Othello, Hamlet; Edgar (\"King Lear\"), in the tragedies of W. Shakespeare; Karl Moor (\"The Robbers\" by F. Schiller), Faust, Oedipus; Godda (Execution by G.G. Ge). Raphael played the character roles: Iago, Shylock, Richard III, Lear, Franz Moor; Mephistopheles (\"Faust\" by IV Goethe), Ben Akiba (\"Uriel Acosta\" by Gutskov) and others. Nar. artists of the RSFSR (1931)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADELSON Osip Isaakovich (1800 - |), physician, graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in 1823, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. From 1826 to 1848 A. - Senate physician and physician at the Ministry of Finance in St. Petersburg, state councilor."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADELSON Wolf (| - 1866, Odessa), educator. A student of the rabbi-philosopher M. Ilier, in his youth he was a teacher in Brest-Litovsk, in 1833 he settled in Dubno, enjoyed great influence among the Jews. youth, was persecuted by the Hasidim for \"freethinking\". After long wanderings, he settled in Odessa, died in poverty, most of A.'s manuscripts perished. Among the students and followers of A. - the grammarist H. Ts. Lerner, rus. censor V. Fedorov (before baptism - Greenberg). In the circle \"Maskilim\" ser. 19th century A. is known under the nickname \"Diogenes\"; among the surviving op. A. - etude about the book. \"Esther\" and a number of essays on ancient Hebrews. lit-re."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADIGENI, urban-type settlement (since 1961), regional center (Georgia). In 1828-40 - in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Georgian-Imereti province, from 1846 - in Kutaisi province, from 1867 - in Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1959 - 17, and in 1970 - 14 Jews. According to information from some sources, Jews lived in Armenia already in the first half. 18th century, occupying a special quarter - rabat (settlement). In Armenia there was a synagogue where a Torah scroll received from Istanbul was kept. The local rabbi was at the same time. Khazan, Shokhet and Heder teacher. Main Jewish occupations - small trade in the surrounding villages, cattle breeding and weaving. In 1826 20 Jewish families moved from Armenia to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe), 2 families to Atskuri. K ser. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADINI Yaakov-Yosef (1898, Warsaw - 1969, Israel), translator, ed. He was an activist of the Ge-Halutz movement in Poland. Since 1920 - in E.-I. In 1923–24 he worked in Berlin, published books ser. \"Et Lebanot\". In 1924 he returned to E.-I. He was engaged in lit. activities. He studied in Jerusalem and England. Translated into Hebrew plural. books, among them the works of L. Feuchtwanger, G. Fast, F. M. Dostoevsky, I. S. Turgenev and others. Was one of the editors. encyclopedias \"Yzrael\"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADINKATA, see Lumpy."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADIROVICH Emmanuil Ilyich (1915, Melitopol - 1973, Tashkent), theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (1962). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1940). In 1940–62 he worked at Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he defended his doct. dis. under the hands. S.I. Vavilov (1949). Since 1962 hand. created by him. physics of semiconductors Phys.-tech. in-ta them. S.V. Starodubtseva of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR in Tashkent. interests - physics tv. body and semiconductors. One of the founders of the band theory of luminescence of crystals, on the basis of which he first solved the problem of nonradiative electronic transitions in solids, predicted and discovered the phenomenon of \"cold flash\". He established the law of electronic polarization and depolarization of photoelectrets, calculated the distribution of heterocharge and field, developed a general theory of the photoelectret state and showed the principle, the possibility of creating a photoelectret without external. polarizing zero. He showed the possibility of the existence of excitons of a new type, which made it possible to reveal the mechanism of fast low-temperature polarization. He laid (jointly with others) the foundations of optoelectronics (developed the theory of optocouplers and optocouplers, discovered the effect of anomalously high photovoltages and photomagnetic voltages in semiconductor films; developed optoelectronic methods of correlation processing of large amounts of information). One of the founders of dielectric. electronics, decided a number of funds. tasks in this area, developed and researched. dielectric diode structures based on thin high-resistance monocrystalline. layers of silicon, gallium arsenide and silicon carbide. Created the Tashkent School of Physics and Electronics TV. Tel. The author of St. 200 scientific. works: Nek-ry questions of the theory of luminescence of crystals, Moscow-Leningrad, 1951; M., 1956; Double injection currents in semiconductors, M., 1978 (in co-authorship); Photovoltaic phenomena in semiconductors and optoelectronics, Tashkent, 1972 (in co-authorship)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADIVI Rekhavya (1900, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1972, Ashkelon), engineer, public. activist. In E.-I. came as a child with his parents. Graduated from the Herzliya government in Tel Aviv. Received an engineering degree from Philadelphia University. An active member of the Union of Engineers and Architects of Israel. Since 1965 - Mayor of Ashkelon."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADLER, now a district within the city of Sochi (Russian Federation). Until 1961, it was an urban-type settlement, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory. In 1926, 1 Jew lived in Armenia, and in 1939, 14 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADLER German (b. 1899, Jablonec nad Nisou, Austria-Hungary - |), conductor. In 1924 he graduated from the German Music. academy in Prague. 1927–32 - conductor of opera ts in Czechoslovakia and Germany. In 1932–35 - Ch. conductor symph. orchestra (Kharkov), in 1935–37 - ch. conductor orc. Ukr. radio (Kiev). Since 1939 in the USA."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADLER Israel Yehuda (Ishai) (1870, Pinsk - 1948, Israel), teacher, society. activist, translator, ed. From 1886 he was engaged in ped. activities. From 1905 - in E.-I. One of the first teachers to teach in Hebrew. He founded the first newspaper for teachers in Hebrew \"Ha-Khinuh\". Founder of the publishing house at the teachers' union \"Kagelet\". One of the first residents of Tel Aviv. For many years he taught at a girls' school in Jaffa. Author pl. Art. on pedagogy, education and societies, problems, as well as textbooks. Compiled the Little Library for Children (1916–17). The settlement of Ramat Yishai in northern Israel is named after him."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADLER Morris (1906, Slutsk - 1966, USA), rabbi, leader in the region. education. R. in the family of a rabbi. Since 1913 in the USA. Rabbi first in Buffalo, then from 1938 until the end of his life in Detroit. In 1943–46 - soldier. rabbi. In 1957–66 A. before. Board of the Union of Workers of the Automotive Industry, member. Michigan Election Commission and K-that for citizens. management. In 1963–66 A., member. Governments. commissions for higher. education."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADLER Shaul (1895 - 1966, Jerusalem), parasitologist. In 1900 he moved with his parents to England. He studied medicine at the University of Leeds, majored in tropical. diseases in Liverpool. During the 1st world. War - physician and pathologist in the British Army. In 1921–24 he was engaged in scientific research. research in Sierra Leone. Since 1924 - in Heb. un-those. Headed by scientific. expeditions from the Royal Society of London to the Tikhoi Islands approx. Main works are devoted to the etiology, pathology and ways of spreading pathogenic parasites in humans and animals, tropical. diseases and their treatment. Got the world. the fame of his tr. on malaria, relapsing fever, leprosy, dysentery, and ch. arr. research leishmaniasis. In 1934 he was awarded evil. medal to them. Chalmers, awarded by Eng. Royal Society Tropical. diseases. He translated the work of Charles Darwin \"The Origin of Species\" into Hebrew. State Israel Ave (1957)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADLER Yakov A. (1855, Odessa - 1926), actor, director. He performed in loves. performances. From 1879–83 in the troupe iz. playwright, director, theater. organizer A. Goldfaden. He left Russia after the ban on the activities of the Jews. troupes. He performed in London, then in Chicago, New York and other cities of the USA. Has toured in Warsaw, Lodz, Lvov. Back in New York, post. performances \"Soldier Motele\", \"Siberia\" (1891). These scenic production, especially the first, were a great success. Shylock (\"The Merchant of Venice\" by W. Shakespeare) stood out among the acting works that brought fame to A. also played Iago (\"Othello\" by W. Shakespeare). The play \"Cafe Crown\" told about the life path of A. He performed on the stages of \"People-teetr\", \"Grand-teetre\", where his children often played with him."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADLER Yankel-Yaakov (1895, Lodz - 1949, London), artist. He studied in Bremen. Since 1911 - in Dusseldorf, prof. Academy of New Art (1930). In the 1920s. published in Poland. Jung Yiddish. Since 1935 - in France. After the start of the 2nd world. During the war, he joined the Polish army, served until 1943. From 1945 - in England. At the beginning, creative. activities joined him. Expressionist school, but his thin. the style has always been based on plank beds. Heb. traditions. Later he became an imagist. In the last years of his life he had a great influence on the development of modern. art-va in England."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADLIVANKIN Samuil Yakovlevich (1897, Tatarsk, Mogilev province - 1966, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, film designer. He studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche (1912-17), then in the State. free thin workshops in Moscow (1918-19) with V.E. Tatlin. Worked for the publishing house \"Young Guard\" (1923-28), ill. g. \"Lapot\", \"Atheist\" and others, created by. polit. posters and cartoons (together with V.V. Mayakovsky). - one of the founders thin. association KNIFE (New Society of Painters, 1921–24), created. ex. graduates of VKHUTEMAS, opposition. attuned to non-objective art. Turning to subject painting, A. and other members. The KNIFE was used in the tradition of Nar. lubok and creatively processed hoods. methods of primitivism and expressionism (\"Tram B\", etc.). A. participated in the creation. f. to / st. Soyuzdetfilm (A Cup of Tea, 1927). Member Society of Artists \"Isobrigada\" (1931–32), which put forward the slogans \"polit, realism\" and \"class. orientation of creativity \". A.'s works are kept in the State Russian Museum and the State Tretyakov Gallery."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADMON (Rappoport) Shmuel (1914 - 1972, Israel), military leader, one of the creators of the Israeli artillery. From 1922 - in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya State University (Tel Aviv). Since 1938 - a member of the kibbutz Alonim. In 1940 he was mobilized into the British army, served in the artillery. He took part in battles in Italy. Demobilized in 1946 with the rank of captain. During the War of Independence, he commanded the Israeli artillery. Later it was the beginning. headquarters of the North. env."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADMONI Vladimir Grigorievich (1909, Petersburg, - 1993, ibid.), Literary critic and philologist-Germanist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1947), prof. (1948). Son of the historian G.Ya. Krasny-Admoni. In 1941–42 he worked at the Leningrad Political Administration. fr. and prepared antifash. agitator. materials. He taught at the universities of Leningrad. Since 1960 in Leningrad. department of Ying-ta yaz-knowledge of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The section was headed by poet. translation leningr. writing organization. A. acted as a witness for the defense at the trial in the case of I.A. Brodsky. Works in the field of Germanic and Scandinavian studies; he was the first to single out a \"system of construction\", i.e. a set of interrelated formal language facilities that provide both the structural integrity of grammaticals. units, and their structural division. He owns the concept of the musical score organization of the speech chain; the doctrine of syntactic. form, word order and actual division of the sentence, text linguistics, poetry language and art. prose, factors and ways of language development. Göttingen Academy of Sciences; och. Doctor of Philosophy, Uppsala University (Sweden). Great gold medal to them. Goethe (1971), etc. Konrad Duden (1987) Works: Introduction to modern syntax. yaz., M., 1955; East syntax is it. yaz., M., 1963; Syntax modern. German lang .: System of relations and system of construction, M., 1973; The grammatical structure as a system of construction and the general theory of grammar, L., 1988."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADUTISHKIS, a village in the Svenchen district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Godutishki Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–40 - in the Vileika region. Byelorussian SSR, and in 1940–91 in the Lithuanian SSR. 570 Jews lived in Armenia in 1847, 387 Jews in 1863, and 1373 Jews (61.1%) in 1897. In 1863, Armenia had a synagogue. Since 1905, Abraham-Dovber Popel (1869–?) Was the rabbi in Armenia. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution was established in Armenia. t-in. A. genus. N.-Sh. Feigenson."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADZHAMKA, a village in the Kirovograd district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alexandria Kherson Gubernia. In 1910, 217 Jews (1.8%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 60 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery and a synagogue in Armenia. On May 18, 1919, a pogrom took place in Armenia, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ADJIASHVILI Jemal (Semyon) (b. 1941, Tskhakaya, Georgian SSR), translator, publicist, playwright. Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies (department of Persian languages) Tbilisi. state un-that. In 1979 publ. Sat. per. “Wed-century. Heb. poetry \"on the load. lang. Book. had a great resonance all over the world. His lane is also known in Georgia. Russian, English, Japanese. and other classics. In 1988 in Bat Yam (Israel) his play “Sing, Harp” about the life of the Jews of Georgia was staged. The play was written for one actor and in tech. several years old iz. the actor K. Makharadze. Several his lane. manuf. were marked by foreign. lit. pr. since 1991 Parliament of the Georgian Rep."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AJIASHVILI Itzhak (1929 (|), Kutaisi - 1993, Kiriyat-Ata, Israel), rabbi. Beginning religious educated by Rabbi M. Davarashvili in Kutaisi, higher. religious education in mosk. yeshiva \"Kol Yaakov\". His teachers were iz. rabbis Sh. Trebnik, Sh. Shlifer, I. Khanzin and others. After returning to Georgia he became one of the leading rabbis in Tbilisi. Since 1973 - with his family in Israel, settled in the city of Kiriyat-Ata. Here he served as cantor, shohet, moel. Actually became a spiritual hand. immigrants from Georgia in Kiriyat-Ata."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AFRICANDA, urban-type settlement (since 1955) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 2 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AFTARAN-MAJI, see Muji-Gaftaran."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGAFIEVKA, a village in the Lyubashevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Agafievka (other name. Kolendov) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Oct.-Dec. 1941 during the deportation of Jews from Bessarabia to the territory. Agafiyevsky village council shot 180 weakened Jews and died of hunger and disease 200 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGALYK, a village in the Samarkand region of the Samarkand region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire, from 1887 - in the Samarkand district. Samarkand Region. In 1930, an incident related to the \"blood libel\" took place in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGARA, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Karelian region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 9 Jews living in Armenia, in 1939 - 9, in 1970 - 3, in 1979 - 1 Jew."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGARON Shmuel ben Israel Kaidanover (Magarshak) (1614, Koydanovo - 1676), one of the largest rabbis of his time. In his youth he studied at the famous yeshiva Rabbi Yaakov from Lublin. During the pogroms of B. Khmelnitsky (1648) he fled to Vilna, where he became one of the mountains. religious judges. During the Swedish-Russian. During the war, his house was robbed and a unique library burned down. He fled to Moravia. Later he was a rabbi in Glug, Fjord and Frankfurt am Main. After returning to Poland - the rabbi of Krakow. Author pl. religious essays."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGARONI (Aronovich) Israel (1882, Vilno - 1946, Jerusalem), zoologist. He studied at un-those in Prague. From 1901 - in E.-I. He was a teacher, first in Rehovot, and then in Jerusalem. During World War I he served as a zoologist in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a zoological advisor to the British Credentials. Zool Creator. Museum, which later came under the jurisdiction of Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, in which in 1930-46 the professor. zoology. He studied and searched for the animals mentioned in the Tanakh and Talmud. He was engaged in breeding wild animals in captivity, incl. the golden hamster is one of the most important labs. animals. Autobiographical author. book “Memoirs of Heb. zoologist \"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGARONOVICH Yosef (1877 - 1937, Tel Aviv), polit. and societies. activist, publicist. In his youth there was a s.-kh. a worker, a watchman. From 1906 - in E.-I. Active member \"Ha-Poel ra-Tsair\", ed. of the same name. gas. (1906–22), one of the ideologists of the labor movement, delegate from the workers E.-I. at the Zionist congresses. During the 1st world. war was expelled from the country by the Turkish authorities, lived in Egypt, opposed the entry of volunteers in Heb. legion. He actively participated in the creation and activities of Histadrut and Mapai. One of the founders of Bank Ha-Poalim, headed it until the last days of his life. Was a member. City Council of Tel Aviv. The head of the Writers' Union E.-I. Moshav Beit Yosef in the Beit Sheana valley is named after him. Author pl. works on the theory and practice of the labor movement."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGARYAN Yisroel-Moishe (1865, Alexandrovka Chigirinsky district. Kiev province - 1940, Cleveland, USA), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Since 1892 - in the USA. One of the pioneers of religious Zionism in the United States. I took an active part in helping the 1st world refugees. wars from Europe. Author of the book \"Sulam Yisrael\"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGBULACH, see Tetri-Tskaro."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGDAM, city (since 1828), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Main in 1741. From 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - in the Elizavetpolskaya province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 it was the AzSSR. In 1910, 33 Jews lived in Azerbaijan, and in 1939 - 7 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGDASH, city (since 1900), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - in the Elizavetpolskaya province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR. In 1910, 38 Jews (0.7%) lived in Azerbaijan, and in 1939 there were 21 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGDATI (Kaumansky) Baruch (1895, Bender - 1976, Israel), cultural figure. He studied ballet in Odessa. Since 1910 - in E.-I. Studied painting at the Bezalel Academy. With the beginning of the 1st world. the war grew up. the subject was exiled to Russia. Was the soloist of the ball. in the opera house of Odessa. In 1919 he returned to E.-I. on the ship \"Ruslan\". Organizer of Purim carnivals in Tel Aviv. One of the first choreographers in the nat. ball. Founder of nat. cinema. Creator of the first film studio and the first doc. films."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGINSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1959), the center of the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation). Main in 1811 as a village of the Nerchinsk voivodeship, from 1851 - the Nerchinsk environs. Transbaikal Oblast. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGLOBI, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Derbent province, from 1860 - in the Kurinsky environs. Dagestan Province. 35 Jews lived in Armenia in 1867, 55 Jews in 1875, 33 in 1886, 25 in 1900, and 165 Jews in 1926 (67%). Jews lived in Armenia from the beginning. 19th century Between 1860 and 1870, anti-Jewish demonstrations by local Muslims took place in Armenia. population. In the 1870s. a synagogue was built. Jews owned 25 dess. arable land. During the Civil. During the war, self-defense was organized in Armenia, and in 1918 most of the Jews left Armenia. During the period of collectivization, Jewish collective farms were created in Armenia. Lenin (19 x-c) and \"Red Dagestan\" (15 x-c). In the 1930s. Jews left A."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGLONA, a village in Preili district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Aglon Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In July 1941, 56 Jews were killed in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGLON, see Aglona."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGMON (Kuzminsky) Raphael (b. 1915, Mogilev), teacher, specialist in the region. s.-kh. production. From 1920 in E.-I. Studied at Ped. seminaries (Jerusalem), in s.-kh. school \"Mikvah-Israel\", un-those Nancy (France), at advanced training courses in the USA. In 1935–42 he taught. work. In 1942–44, dir. farms at Ying-those with. x-va (Magdiel). In 1944–48, he was an agricultural inspector of the Station. research in Galilee, at the same time. taught in S.-kh. school \"Bet Shemen\". The head of the department of agricultural. planning Min-va with. x-va of Israel; worked in Verkh. Volte (headed the demonstration center, was the head of projects for agricultural training). Member Center, to the Association of workers with. x-va. Comp. g. Gadassah, author of a number of brochures."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGNYATSVET Eddie (real name and surname Edi Semyonovna Kagan) (b. 1916, Minsk), poetess. Lit. she began her activity in 1929. Writes for a Belarusian. lang. Graduated from Minsk ped. Institute (1936). Worked ed. children radio broadcasting (1934–38). Head of the department poetry in f. Polymya (1940–41), in 1945–46 revised. State Publishing House of the BSSR. The author is poetic. collection: \"My Generation\" (1935), \"Poems\" (1938), \"Spring Morning\" (1941), \"The Road to the Future\" (1949), \"Belarusian Rowan\" (1959), \"Desire\" (1971); book for children \"Vasilki\" (1947), \"Your comrades\" (1957), \"Country of childhood\" (1975), \"We are serious, we are funny\" (1976), etc. Translated into Belarusian, lang. manuf. Heb. poets and prose writers, French. (P.Zh.Beranger, P.Eluard), Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Latvian. poets. According to her libretto, op. for children \"Janat\" (1942, music by L. A. Schwartz) and \"Marinka\" (1955, music by G. K. Puksta). In 1976, Fav. manuf. \" in 2 volumes."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGOL Israel Iosifovich (1891, Bobruisk - 1936), geneticist and philosopher, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1934). Father V.I.Agol. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1923) and the Institute of Red Professors (1927) in Moscow. From 1926 he worked in Moscow. zootechnical in-those, from 1928 headed by Biologich. in-t them. K.A. Timiryazeva. In 1931 he worked in the lab. G. J. Moeller in the USA. Since 1932 - in the All-Ukrainian. associations of Marxist-Leninist scholars Institute (in 1933–34 - vice-president), since 1934 - at the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (head of the department). Repressed. tr. on genetics and philosophy. questions of natural science. Research the influence of x-rays on the genetic. apparatus (for example, Drosophila). Studied dominance in the genetic process. changes. One of the authors. the theory of stepwise allelomorphism (gene divisibility). Developed organic problems. expediency. A number of works are devoted to the criticism of neovitalism and neo-Darwinism. D. h. Communist. academy (1929). Founder and 1st Responsible ed. g. \"Success of the present. biology \"(1932). Cit .: Dialectic. method and evolution. theory, M., 1930; Vitalism and Marxism, 3rd ed., M., 1932; The origin of animals and humans, Kiev, 1935; I want to live, M., 1936."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGOL Vadim Izrailevich (b. 1929, Moscow), virologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1986). Son of I. I. Agol. At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that (1951) worked in the Karaganda honey. in-those, since 1956 - in Ying-those of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitis of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1961 head of laboratory of biochemistry); in 1963 he participated in the organization of the Department of Virology at Biological. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1969 - prof.), in 1965 - Interfaculty Lab. bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow State University (since 1991, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology). Auth. OK. 200 scientific. works. Main tr. by pier biology of RNA-containing animal viruses. He made a significant contribution to the study of the mechanisms of replication, translation, complementation and recombination of RNA-containing viruses. Member New York Academy (1983). Works: Molecular biology of viruses, M., 1971, (co-authors); Molecular biology: Structure and biosynthesis of nucleic acids, M., 1990 (co-authors)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGRANOV Yakov Solomonovich (Saulovich) (real name and surname Sorendzon Yankel Shevelev-Shmaev) (1893, Chechersk Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1938), employee of state bodies. security. In 1912-14 members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party, from 1915 - RSDLP (b). In 1919 20 sec. SNK, at the same time. Special Representative at the Presidium of the Cheka. Since 1921 sotr. secret-polit. Department of Management of the Cheka-GPU. From Oct. 1922 early. special bureau of the GPU. Since 1923 deputy. early Secret department OG-PU, then deputy. early OGPU in Moscow and Mosk. region On Feb. 1933 - July 1934 deputy. prev. OGPU, in July 1934 - May 1937 first deputy. Commissar int. affairs of the USSR, simultaneously. in dec. 1936 - Apr. 1937 early. Ch. management of state. security of the NKVD of the USSR, in April-May 1937 - early. 4th department of this department. From May 1937 beginning. Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR in the Saratov region. Carried out \"supervision of the investigation\" (actually fabricated cases) on all the most important political processes of the 1920s and 1930s. (from the so-called case of the Industrial Party to the case of G.E. Zinoviev-LBKamenev), conducted an investigation into the case of the so-called. Labor cross. parties (\"the case of A. Chayanov-N.D. Kondratyev\"). A. was close to many. writers and poets, but actually supervised their polit. moods. Soon after his appointment to Saratov, A. was arrested, taken to Moscow and executed on 08/01/1938."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGRANOVICH Leonid Danilovich (b. 1915, st. Zmievka, Oryol province), screenwriter, film director. In 1933–38 the actor Mosk. Modern t-ra, State. t-ra them. Sun Meyerhold, t-ditch of Tashkent, Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. In 1941–43, actor and dir. Front t-ra, in 1943-46 Art. teacher of acting at VGIK. Since 1946 he has been engaged in literature activities, author of screenplays: \"A man was born\" (1956), \"Life is in your hands\" (1959, in co-authorship), \"Heaven is subdued by them\" (1963, in co-authorship); theater, plays: \"Light is burning in the windows\", \"Pilots\", \"Devil's River\" and others, as well as scripts of their films. He made his directing debut in 1963 f. “The Man Who Doubts” (with VG Semakov). He independently put f. \"Case from the investigative practice\" (1968), \"Own\" (1969), \"In our factory\" (1971), \"City shield\" (1979), \"Statute of limitations\" (1983). State pr. USSR (1971)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGRANOVICH Mikhail Leonidovich (b. 1946, Moscow), cameraman. In 1962–64, a developer at the laboratory for processing amateur photographs. Mosgorfabriki photoworks. In 1964-65, a mechanic for the maintenance of shooting equipment at the c / st. Mosfilm. In 1970 he graduated from the cinematography department of VGIK. Since 1970 - at Mosfilm (camera assistant, director of photography). 1st are independent. work - \"Tryn-grass\" (1976). Among other fictions: \"Rudin\" (1977), \"Funny People\" (1978), \"Little Tragedies\" (1980), \"Three Years\" (1981), \"Look for a Woman\" (1983), \"Winning a Lonely Trader\" (1984), \"Repentance\" (1986) and others."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGRANOVSKY Anatoly Abramovich (1922, Moscow - 1984, ibid.), Journalist. Son Izv. journalist A.D. Agranovsky (1896-1951). In 1943 he graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t them. K. Liebknecht. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1947–61 he worked at Lit. gas. ”, in 1961-84 - in gas. \"News\". Participated in writing the book. LI Brezhnev Brother A. - Valery (b. 1929, Moscow), playwright, critic. Author pl. book, naib. fame from which got the pov. \"Stop Malakhov!\" (M., 1976). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGRON (Agronsky) Gershon (1893, Ukraine - 1959, Jerusalem), journalist, society. activist. Since 1906 - in the USA. In 1918 he joined Heb. legion. After demobilization he moved to E.-I. Founder and first ed. gas. Palestine Post (later - Jerusalem Post). Mayor of Jerusalem (1955–59)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGROSKIN Anatoly Abramovich (1908 - 1993, Moscow), geochemist, specialist in the region. chem. technologies and thermal physics of coal. Dr. Tech. sciences, professor. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute. He worked in Donetsk coal chemistry. in-those, was one of the creatures. department of specialists-coke chemists in the Donetsk industrial in-those (dean of the coal chemistry department, headed the department), in Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of the energochemical laboratory). In 1941–45 he proposed and supervised the introduction of a method for increasing the bulk density of a charge for coking by wetting it with microadditives of hydrocarbon liquids. He made a significant contribution to the development of coke chemistry. Developed by scientific. basics of heating modern. coke ovens, hydraulics the theory of gas movement as applied to coke ovens. Author of scientific. works, monographs, textbooks. Became. pr. (1946). Works: Sovr. coke ovens and heat engineering for their heating, Moscow, 1932 (with G.S. Halabuzarsm); Ways of expanding the coal base of coking, M., 1959; Chemistry and technology of coal, 2nd ed., M., 1969; Phys. properties of coal, M., 1961; Physics of coal, M., 1965; Brown coals as technological. raw materials, M., 1976 (jointly with I.E. Svyatets); Thermophysics of Solid Fuel, I M., 1980 (with V.B. Gleybman)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGROSKIN Iosif Ilyich (1900, Khotimsk, Klimovsk u. Mogilev province. - 1968, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the region. hydraulic engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938), professor. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. In 1924 he graduated from the irrigation and drainage faculty of the Goretsky agricultural department. in-that and worked in-those until 1927. In 1927–39 in Omsk agricultural. in-those (assistant of the department of hydraulics, since 1933 dean of the irrigation and drainage faculty, since 1937 head of the department and director of the institute). At the same time. in 1927–33 chap. Ing. Zap.-Sib. Melivodstroy. From 1939 he was appointed deputy. prev. Vses. to-that for higher affairs. schools under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. At the same time. from 1940 head. Department of Hydraulics in Moscow. irrigation and drainage institute. Since 1948, dir. in-ta.Osn. tr. associated with the development of hydraulic methods. calculation of canals and open reservoirs. He proposed new methods for determining conjugation. and critical. depths, differentiation integration. equations of uneven motion in open channels. He proposed methods for calculating rapid currents of uneven width, surge tanks, interface structures. Completed a series of works on the study of kinematic. the structure of the channel flow when flowing around cylindrical. Tel. One of the main. experimental developers, lab. and field sprinklers \"Aida\". Dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1938–47). Honored. worker of science and technology (1966). Works: Canal hydraulics, M.-L., 1940; Hydraulics calculation of channels, M.-L., 1958; Hydraulics, 4th ed., M.-L., 1964 (in co-authorship)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGRYZ, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sarapulsky u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1939, 38 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGUDAS AHIM (Hebrew - the union of brothers), a former Jewish farmer. partnership to the Crimea. ASSR. Main In 1925 they were immigrants from Gomel. In 1925, 124 people lived in AA."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGUDZERA, a railway station in the Gulripsh district of Abkhazia (Georgia). In 1970, 31 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGURSKY Samuil Khaimovich (1884, Grodno - 1947, Pavlodar), part. and polit. activist, historian. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1936). Received a tradition. Heb. education. From the age of 12 - a worker. Since 1902, members Bund. From 1905 - in the USA, worked as a tailor, sotr. in Heb. socialist ed. in Yiddish, one of the creators of the Chicago Heb. working institute where emigrants could get an education. In 1917, corr. one of the Amer. Heb. newspapers in Russia. In Jan. 1918 cum. with Amer. R. Williams, a journalist, formed one of the first internats. units Kr. Army. One of the creators and deputy. prev. Evsektsii, together with J.V. Stalin, signed a decree on the liquidation of the center. leadership Heb. religious communities. In the years of civil. War Commissioner for Heb. affairs of Vitebsk province, published by the Bolshevik. gas. Yiddish. In the beginning. 1920s repeatedly (including illegally) visited the United States, participated in the creation. Communist Party of the United States, raised funds to support the Sov. Russia (formally - to help starving people in the Volga region). Since 1930 deputy. dir. Institute of Party History at the MK VKP (b), since 1934 Dir. Ying-that history of the party of Belarus and Ying-that Evr. proletarian culture of Belarus. In 1938 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the Hebrews. fasc. organization and sabotage in the Academy of Sciences, sentenced to 5 years of exile (served in Pavlodar). Son A. - Mikhail (Malib) (1933, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), specialist in the region. cybernetics, member of the human rights movement in the USSR. Cand. tech. Sciences (1969). Since 1975 in Israel, he worked in the media, was engaged in history and political science. In 1983 he received an academic degree in Paris. Doctor's degree in reg. Slavic studies. Prof. Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, chl. Central Committee of the Party of Labor. Author of the book: \"Ideology of National Bolshevism\" (1980), \"Sov. Golem \"(1982) and others."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AGUS (Agushevich) Irving A. (1910, Svisloch - 1984, New York), a leader in the field of Jewish education. Since 1927 - in the USA. Graduated from New York University (1932), Doctor of Philosophy (1937). Since 1951 he taught Hebrew. history at Yeshiva University. In 1939–51 hands. religious uch. establishments in America and Israel; 1939–45 - Baron Hirsch Society in Memphis; 1945–47 - Yeshivas in Long Island; 1947–49 - Harry Fishel Institute for research. Talmud (Jerusalem); 1949–51 - Ekib Academy in Philadelphia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AK-MOSQUE, see Simferopol."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKBULAK, urban-type settlement (since 1937), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Orenburg province. In 1939, 50 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHALDABA, an urban-type settlement (since 1965) in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Izv. from the 12th century In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Georgian province., from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti province., from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. The fact of residence of Jews was first documented in 1703. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Armenia was inhabited by Georgians and Jews, who were serfs of the Kartli queen and carried in her favor numerous. duty. Due to the constant raids of the Dagestanis, Persians and others. The number of the Jewish population in tech. 18th century decreased from 150 families (smoke) to 8 families in 1801. By the middle. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHALGORI (1934-92 - Leningori), an urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the Ksan kn-va as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1939, 4 Jews lived in Armenia. According to legend, A. founded. in 1 century. BC e., from the end. 16th century - the princely residence of the Ksan princes, then. bargain. Centre. Jews appeared in Armenia after the 1760s. and up to mid. 19th century made up means. part of the population. Later, the Jewish community ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHALI ATONI (1955-92 - New Athos), an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Gudauta region of Abkhazia (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Psirtskha of Sukhumsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a member of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 in A.A. there were 3 Jews, in 1939 - 55, in 1970 - 21, in 1979 - 7 Jews (all Ashkenazim). Jews lived in A.A. from 1921. In 1992, Jews left AA."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHALI GAVAZI, a village in the Kvareli region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Gavazi New Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1904 there were 7 Jews living in AG, in 1926 - 24 Jews. Jews settled in AG in the beginning. 20th century"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHALKALAKI, city, regional center (Georgia). Izv. from the 9th century. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti region, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi region, from 1867 in the Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1883, 27 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1887 - 53, in 1897 - 193 (5.5%), in 1910 - 69 (1.4%), in 1939 - 3 Jews . Jews lived in A. from the middle. 19th century after relocation several. Jewish families from Akhaltsikhe (modern Akhaltsikhe). There was a synagogue in 1883. The Jews lived separately in the Jewish quarter. In 1910 a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery existed in Armenia. In 1918-21, when Armenia was under Turkish rule, Jews moved from Armenia to Akhaltsykh and Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi). DMKhananashvili"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHALSOPELI, a village in Lanchkhuti district (Georgia). Main in the 1850s. as the village of Lanchkhutsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1904 15 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 66, in 1939 - 15 Jews. In 1889, a Jewish merchant from Tskhinvali was killed in Armenia. (modern Tskhinvali) D. Davarashvili and Y. Davarashvili wounded. Jews lived in Armenia from the beginning. 20th century In 1928, in connection with the founding in the Lanchkhut region of the Jewish collective farm \"Tsiteli Gora\" some of the Jews of A. moved to the collective farm. In the 1940s. Jews left A.D.M. Khananashvili"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHALTSYKH, see Akhaltsikhe."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AHDUS, see Leninsky."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHIEZER Alexander Ilyich (1911, Cherikov, Mogilev province), physicist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1964), Hon. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1986). Since 1934 he has been working at the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology. Tr. in nuclear physics, quantum electrodynamics, elementary particle physics, plasma physics, magnetohydrodynamics, solid state theory, magnetism. Created a theoretical school. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.I. Mandelstam (1948). Works: Some questions of the theory of the nucleus (in co-authors), M.-L., 1948; 1950. Quantum electrodynamics (et al.), M., 1949; 1959; 1969; 1981. Biography of elementary particles (et al.), Kiev, 1983. Atomic physics: Reference book, Kiev, 1988."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHIEZER Alexander Samoilovich (b. 1929, Moscow), economist, specialist in social philosophy and methodology of history. Sciences. Graduated from Moscow. state econom. Institute (1953), postgraduate studies at the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the specialty \"Planning bunks. x-va \"(1964), graduate school at Moscow. in-those nar. x-va them. GV Plekhanov with a degree in Philosophy (1967). Cand. Philos. sciences. In 1969-91 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of the workers' movement and compare, political science of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1991 leading scientist. sotr. Institute of International employment of RAS. A. develops reproduction. the concept of the about-va, anti-entropic understanding of the essence, genesis and essence of mass people. activities. In addition, in his tr. problems and topics are being developed: the inconsistency of modern. grew up. worker as a subject of reproduction about-va; mechanisms of cultural dynamics, their significance and place in activity; humanization ist. the process of human development; originality (specificity) ist. the paths of Russia. Cit .: Culture. Modality. Interpretation: Categories and concepts of the Marxist-Leninist theory of culture, M., 1985; Culture and social relations: Restructuring societies, relations and contradictions in culture, M., 1989; Russia: Critique of East. experience, t. 1-3, M., 1991; Social and cultural problems of the development of Russia: Philos. aspect, M., 1992."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHIEZER Naum Ilyich (1901, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1980, Kharkov), mathematician. Ch.-c. AN VOIN (1934). Graduated from Kievsk. Institute of Higher Education education (1924), graduate school - in the same place (1928). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936), prof. (1940). He worked in Kievsk. un-those, (1928–33), Kiev. Aviation in-those (1928–33), Kharkov. un-those (1933–41), Alma-Atinsk. Mining Institute (1941–43), Moscow. energetic in-those (1943–47), from 1947 - to Kharkov. un-those. results - in the theory of best approximations, where he developed the ideas of P.L. Chebyshev and S.N.Bernstein. Works on the theory of functions, funkts. analysis, theory integr. equations, approx. and num. methods, aerodynamics, history of mathematics. He introduced functions known as Akhiezer-Baker functions, which play an important role in the theory of nonlinear integrals. systems. The author of a number of ist.-mat. research Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences P.L. Chebyshev (1952). Works: Lectures on the theory of approximation, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1965; Theory of linear operators in a Hilbert space, M.-L., 1950, sovm. with I.M. Glazman."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AHIMEIR Abba (real name and surname - Abba Shaul Geisinovich) (1898, Dolgoe Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1962, Tel Aviv), polit. activist, publicist, writer, one of the leaders of the Zionist revisionists, the ideologist of the most radical revision wing. movement In 1912 he arrived at E.-I. In 1914 he returned to Russia, joined Ceirei Zion. After the 1st world. war studied history in high fur boots of Liege and Vienna. In 1924 he returned to E.-I., joined Ga Poel Ha-Tsair, and in 1928 joined the Zionist revisionists. A supporter of active resistance to the Britons, the mandate authorities, A. organized a series of protests against them, for which he was repeatedly arrested. In 1933 Brit. the authorities in the murder of Kh. Arlozorov, but was acquitted by the court. In 1935 he was arrested and imprisoned for illegal organization. \"Union of rebels\" (\"Brit ha-birionim\"). A.'s views have rendered meaning. influence on the formir. ideology of clandestine fighting organizations Etzel and Lehi. Author pl. ostropolich. publicistic. Art. (partly included in his \"Selected works.\", v. 1–2, 1966–68) and several. book"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHMETA, city (since 1966), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926 15 Jews lived in Armenia. Jews lived in Armenia in the 1910s and 1930s."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AHRON Iosif Yulievich (1886, Lodz - 1943, Hollywood, USA), violinist, composer. He studied violin in Warsaw under I. Lotto, in 1899-1904 in St. Petersburg. cons. in the class of prof. L.S.Auer (preliminary training was given by the adjunct Auer I.R.Nalbandyan); he studied composition with A.K. Lyadov. He gave concerts in Russia and Europe. In 1913-16 he taught at the Kharkov muses. uch-shche. Member \"Society of Hebrews. folk music \". In 1922 he left Russia for Europe, then in 1925 for the USA. In 1925, together with the world famous musicians - S.V. Rachmaninov, I. Hoffman, J. Kheifets, E. Tzimbalist - he took part in the celebrations, an anniversary concert in the Carnegie Hall, having eaten. 80th anniversary of Auer. Author of 3 concertos for violin and orc., 2 sonatas for violin and fp., 4 suites for violin and fp. and others. In his work he addressed the intonation of the Hebrews. muses. folklore: “Heb. melody \"for violin and orc., suite\" Golem \"for chamber orc.,\" Heb. lullaby \"for violin and fp. (as amended by Auer), suite \"Stempenu\" after Sholem Aleichem for violin and piano, piece for cello \"Khazan\"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AHRON Isidor Yulievich (1892, Warsaw - 1948, New York), pianist. Graduated in 1918 from St. Petersburg. cons., learned to play php. A.N. Dubasov and A.N. Esipova, compositions - from A.K. Lyadov. From 1918 he toured cities in Russia and Germany. From 1922 he lived in the USA. Debuting in New York, in 1922–33 he was the accompanist of J. Heifetz. He performed both as a soloist and in ans. with other musicians. From 1933 he toured the USA as a soloist with leading Amer. symph. orc. He performed with success in 1936 in The Hague and Amsterdam. Author of \"Grotesque Suite\" for orc. (performed in 1942) and fp. plays."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHSHARUMOVA Anna Markovna (b. 1957, Moscow), chess player; international grandmaster (1989). B.F. Gulko's wife. International Winner tournaments in Tbilisi (1975), Budapest and Timishiara (1978). USSR champion (1976 and 1984). Since 1986 - in the USA. USA Champion (1987). As part of the US team, a member of two Everyone. Olympiads (1988–90). Participant of the World Championship: Interzonal Tournament (Kuala Lumpur, 1990) - 5th-6th place."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AHSU, city (since 1967), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Shemakha province., from 1859 - Shemakha district. Baku lips. In 1918–20 - as part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - in the Azerbaijan SSR. 20th century The rabbis in Armenia were Rabbi Abraham, Rabbi Daniel, Rabbi Gershon, Rabbi Irliya, Rabbi Azaria, Rabbi Michael, and Rabbi Gershon-Shmuel."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKHTIAR, see Sevastopol."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "Akhty, a village, a regional center in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1840 - the city of the Cuban y. Caspian Region, from 1846 in Derbent Gubernia, from 1860 in Dagestan Region. 11 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939. In 1734, the troops of the Persian military leader Nadir Shah captured Armenia and converted the entire surviving Jewish population to Islam. Jews who converted to Islam over time began to consider themselves Lezgins. The Lezgins living now in A. remember their Jewish origin. Back in the 1920s. In A. there were Lezgi women who lit Shabbat candles. On the wall of one of A.'s mosques there was an inscription in Hebrew indicating the date of construction."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "Akhtyrka, city (since 1703), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1641. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1902, there were 30 Jewish families in Armenia, 161 Jews in 1910, 640 in 1920, 369 (1.4%) in 1926, and 277 Jews in 1939. the synagogue was opened. 1942 in A., apprx. 25 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKILOV Yakhiel (1900, Samarkand - 1972, Tashkent), writer. One of the first Komsomol members of Turkestan. In 1920 he graduated from the teacher. courses. Then he begins to publish his poems in the local press. First. book \"Dadi u\" (\"His father\") in Bukhara-Heb. lang. came out in 1927. Delegate of the First All-Union Congress of Sov. writers."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKIMOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1833. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 305 Jews did not live in the Akimovsky District, and in 1939 there were 44 Jews in Armenia. 1941 - early. 1942 in Armenia several were killed. remaining Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKIVIS Max Aizikovich (b. 1923, Novosibirsk), mathematician. Participant in the 1941–45 war: He studied at Moscow State University, was expelled from the 5th year in ideological studies. reasons. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1951. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964). Prof. (1966). He worked in Tulsk. mechanical in-those (1956-60) and in Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (since 1960). Author fuidam. results in multidimensional projective and conformal geometry, the theory of webs and the theory of differential-geometric. Structures, Works: Conformal Differential. geometry. On Sat. \"Geometry. 1963 \"(Results of Science), M., 1965, etc."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKKERMAN, see Belgorod-Dnestrovsky."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ACCORD Elias (Ilya Samoilovich) (|, Mogilev - 1811), doctor. He studied medicine in Berlin, received a medical degree in St. Petersburg in 1788. From 1789 he served as a military man. doctor in Kiev and Vasilkov, and also had a private practice. In 1798 he was promoted to the courtyard. advisors. Later he was an obstetrician at the Kiev Medical Council. Interested in the reforms of the living conditions of Jews in Poland, trans. anonymous pamphlet \"Jews, or Reforms in the life of the Jews of the Polish Rep.\" (1786) from Polish. lang. on it., in which immediate changes in the status of Polish Jews were required. Appreciating this work, A. opposed certain conclusions of the pamphleteer, in particular, denying the assertion that Jews are alien to enlightenment and explaining this by their exclusion from secular education. A.'s arguments reflected the views of the skylight. M. Mendelssohn's school and other scientists of Haskala."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKMECHETSKIE RATES, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Akmechetsky Ananyevsky u. Kherson province. 1942 until March 1944 in AS there was a camp of Jews from Odessa, transferred from the camp in Domanevka. There were also Jews from Bessarabia in the camp, in particular from Chisinau, including 58 psychic. patients delivered in the summer of 1942. Approx. 3 thousand people, of which 150 survived."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKMECHETSKY, see Akmechetskie Stavki."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKMOLA, see Astana."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKMOLINSK, see Astana."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKMOLS, see Astana."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKMYANE, city (since 1956), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Okmyany Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 677 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 543 (36%), in 1921 - 150, at the end. 1930s - OK. 100, in 1979 - 3 Jews. Jews lived in Armenia from the middle. 18th century Main occupations - trade, craft, villages. x-in. In 1867 there were three synagogues in Armenia. In the end. 19th century Rabbi A. was Aron-Eliyahu Kagana, from 1907 - Nokhum-Mordkhe Verbovskiy (1875-1941). During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of A. were evicted to the int. province of Russia. After 1920, some of them returned to A. 4-9 August. 1941 Jews of A. were shot. Through several. years at the place of execution a monument was erected. After 1944, several. Jewish families returned to A.V. the clan B.Kader."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKNISTE, city (since 1991) in Jekabpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20 c - the town of Oknista Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was in the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 194 Jews (75%) lived in Armenia, in 1930 - 176 Jews, in 1935 - 199 Jews (42%). in A. in the middle. 19th century In the 1920s. there were 2 synagogues in Armenia, and there was a shohet. Library and drama worked. circle. Jews A. were shot in the 2nd half. July 1941 on the bank flowing approx. A. rivers. After 1945, a monument to the executed was erected at the Catholic cemetery of Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKOSTA Yand (in Russian sources - Lacoste) (| - |), court jester of Peter I. R. in the family of Portuguese. Jews - Marrans who fled the country from the persecution of the Inquisition. In the beginning. 18th century maintained a brokerage office in Hamburg. OK. 1714 by invitation grew up. resident in Hamburg moved to Russia (according to another version, brought to the country by Peter I himself) and was appointed court jester. Thanks to his cheerful disposition, wit and resourcefulness, as well as the ability to speak almost all Europe. languages A. won the favor of Peter 1; an expert on the Bible, A. often waged theological disputes with the tsar and was one of his favorite interlocutors. For his diligent service, Peter I bestowed on A. the clownish title of \"Samoyed King\" and presented him with the uninhabited Sommera Father in the Hall of Finland. In the 1730s. A. was still a jester at the court of the imp. Anna Ivanovna; his further fate is unknown. Numerous. \"Anecdotes\" attributed to A. were widely circulated in Russian. lubochny lit-re con. 18-19 centuries"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKSAY, a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 16th century. as the village of Ust-Aksayskaya, from 1791 - the village of Aksayskaya, Cherkassky, from 1805 - Novocherkassky env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKSAY, see Aksai, Rostov region."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXELROD Albert Yulievich (1934, Voronezh - 1991, Moscow), resuscitator, dir. t-ra and TV. In 1958 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t them. I.M.Sechenov. In 1962–69 he worked in the lab. experimental physiology for the revitalization of organisms of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Org. and headed the first in the country C. outgoing reanimation. Since 1969 he worked at the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. Created a department. neuroresuscitation in Moscow. clinics hospital them. S.P. Botkin, organized the country's first reanimation baro-center, developed the principles of using the hyperbaric method. oxygenation in intensive care. One of the main. resuscitation service in the USSR. Cand. honey. Sciences, Assoc. He hosted on TV a weekly program \"You - 03\" about the rules for providing first aid in extreme situations. He contributed to the development of growing up. culture. In 1957, together with IG Rutberg and MG Rozovsky, he organized the pop studio of Moscow State University \"Our House\". He was the initiator of the creation and presenter of the game television programs (with M. Yakovlev and S.A. Muratov) \"BBB\" (\"Evening of cheerful questions\", 1959) and \"KVN\" (\"Club of the cheerful and resourceful\", 1961). Op. : Problems of reanimatology, M., 1968 (et al.); Anesthesia and resuscitation for acute massive blood loss in obstetrics, M., 1971; Revival without sensations, M., 1988; Hyperbaric oxygenation - medical and business information, M., 1990 (et al.)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXELROD Elena Meerovna (b. 1932, Minsk), poet. Daughter of M.M. Axelrod and writer R.R. Rubina. Graduated from the Faculty of Rus. lang. and literature from MGPI. Author pl. book for children: \"Vanka-Vstanka and Sanka-Spanka\" (M., 1961), \"The Blizzard Walked in Moscow\" (M., 1965), etc., as well as poetry. collection of books \"Window to the North\" (Moscow, 1975), \"Poems\" (Jerusalem, 1992). Also known as the lane. poetry from different languages, incl. and from Yiddish. The Jewish theme in her work has long served as an obstacle to the publication of poems. A.'s work is distinguished by subtle lyricism, romanticism of the world view. Since 1992 - in Israel."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXELROD Gleb Borisovich (b. 1923, Moscow), pianist. Studied under L.I. Roizman in music. school at Moscow. conservatory. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. conservatory, class fp. from G.R. Ginzburg (p.), in 1951 he also took a postgraduate course. Laureate of the International. piano competitions - them. B. Smetana (1st avenue, Prague, 1951), them. M. Long and J. Thibault (4th avenue, Paris, 1955), them. J. Viana da Mota (2nd Ave., Lisbon, 1957). Member jury of the 1964 pianist competition Viana da Mota in Lisbon. In 1951–56 he was a soloist of the Touring Bureau (since 1957, the All-Union Concert Touring Association). Since 1959 he has been teaching at Moscow. Conservatory, since 1967 - associate professor, since 1979 - prof. The repertoire includes ch. arr. PI Tchaikovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, RK Shchedrin, D.B. Kabalevsky, as well as traditional pianists' op. D. Scarlatti, I. Haydn, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Liszt (including the play \"Memories of Russia\"), C. Debussy. Includes rarely executed FPs in programs. pieces by B. Smetana, J. Sibelius, B. Bartok, Portuguese composers J. de Sousa Carvalho, J. Seixas. In a duet with O.G. Glebov, he performed all 4-hand php. manuf. Beethoven. Honored. art. RSFSR (1966)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXELROD Lyubov Isakovna (ps. Orthodox) (1868, Dunilovichi, Vilna province - 1946), rev. activist, literary critic. The daughter of a rabbi. She broke up with her family and joined the Narodnaya Volya. circle in Poltava. She worked in the roar. org-tions of Kharkov and Melitopol. In the end. 1885 passed the examination for the title of house in St. Petersburg. teachers. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Berne University in 1900. In 1887-1906 - in France and Switzerland. From 1892 - member. gr. “Union of Rus. social democrats abroad \", as well as gr. Emancipation of Labor. Follower of G.V. Plekhanov's ideas. In 1917 - member. Menshevik. Central Committee, then - member. Central Committee of the Plekhanov group \"Unity\". After 1917 she was engaged in scientific research. and ped. work. From 1917 to 1920 she lectured at the Tambov State. un-those, Nar. un-those, in 1920 - in the 1st Moscow. state un-those, in 1921-23 led a seminar on philosophy at the Ying-those red professors, later worked at Ying-those scientific. philosophy Ros. Association of Scientific Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the sociological dep. State academy thin. sciences. Main directions of philosophy. research: history of philosophy, ethics, social philosophy, ontology. A. is known as a participant in philosophy. discussions of the 1920s; was one of the leaders of the so-called. \"Mechanists\" and opposed the Deborin (\"formalistic\") interpretation of philosophy. She criticized the concept of class morality from the standpoint of the eternal principles of morality. The author of the book. “Philos. sketches \", M.-Pg., 1923 (2nd ed.); \"Against idealism\", M.-Pg., 1922; \"Leo Tolstoy\", M., 1922; “Morality and beauty in the production. Oscar Wilde \", Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1923; K. Marx as a Philosopher, Kharkov, 1924; “In defense of the dialectical. materialism: Against scholasticism \", M.-L., 1928; “Idealistic. Hegel's dialectics and materialist, Marx's dialectics \", M.-L., 1934, etc."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKSELROD Meer Moiseevich (1902, Molodechno Vileisky district. Minsk province - 1970, Moscow), painter, theater, art. Brother of Z.M. Axelrod. Studied at VKHUTEMAS under V.A. Favorsky, P.Ya. Pavlinov and S.V. Gerasimov. Since 1926 - a member of the association \"Four Arts\", a supporter of drawing from life, portrait and landscape painter. The early impressions of the life of the poor Jews remained the breeding ground for A.'s creativity. small towns of Belarus, illustrated by Sholem Aleichem and I.E. Babel, in the 1930s. tried to reflect the originality of the life of Heb. collective farms of Belarus and Crimea. As a theater, the artist A. collaborated in Moscow, Belarus. and Ukr. GOSETS. The most famous was his design of \"Jacquerie\" by P. Merimee in the 1st Belarusian. t-re, as well as \"Measure of Severity\" D. Bergelson in Moscow. GOSET (1933), \"The Strike of the Reapers\" by Z. Lev in Belarus. GOSET (1935), \"The Robber Boytre\" M. Kulbak in the State Department of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Creating a pictorially plastic. decisions theater, space, A. acted as the author of costumes (each sketch is a portrait of a character with his lively character). During the war, he created a series of gouaches dedicated to the tragedy of the Jews in the 20th century, and in the middle. 1960s - a cycle of large compositions \"Ghetto\"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXELROD Moisey Markovich (1897, Smolensk - 1940), orientalist. 1918–20 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1923) and an Arab, branch of Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1924). In 1924–27 sotr. owls. consulates in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). In 1927-29 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases, from 1929 in foreign. department of the OGPU (worked in Turkey, in 1934–37 in Italy). In 1929–30 he taught at Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies and Moscow State University. In 1938 he was arrested and died in prison. The author of works on Arab countries. East, ed. \"Arabic-Russian. dictionary \"(Moscow, 1931)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXELROD Nathan (1905, Mogilev - 1987, Bnei Brak, Israel), film producer. In his youth he was fond of cinema. Per. credits from rus. in Ukrainian lang. In 1926 he was sentenced to 3 years in exile for Zionist activities. After the hunger strike was declared, the link was replaced by expulsion from the USSR. From 1926 in E.-I. One of the creatures. Israeli cinema. In 1920-30, a cameraman and dir. first Heb. doc. f. in E.-I. Deer. \"The film is moving\" (from 1927), \"Carmel the film\" (from 1933). Then the producer pl. films."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXELROD Pavel (Pinkus) Borisovich (1850, Chernigov province - 1928, Berlin), polit. activist, publicist, memoirist. From the family of an innkeeper. He graduated from the government in Mogilev, studied at the Nizhyn Lyceum, where he met with the roar. lit-swarm. In the beginning. 1870s left the Lyceum and devoted himself to the roar. activities. From 1872 - in Kiev, created a roar. populist. circle, in 1873 - one of the founders of the Kiev branch of St. Petersburg. circle \"Tchaikovsky\", participated in the preparation of \"going to the people\" in southern Russia. In 1874 he left for Berlin, became close to the Germans, Social-Democrats, and soon moved to Switzerland. In Geneva he joined the growing circle. roar. emigrants - supporters of M.A. Bakunin, on their instructions went to Russia to establish contacts with local roar. circles. In the 1870s. put in gas. “Mogilev lips. Vedomosti \"a number of articles on the position of Heb. the poor. In 1875 he returned to Switzerland, sotr. roar. g. \"Worker\", one of the editors. roar. g. \"Community\". From 1879 - in Russia, conducted propaganda in Odessa, in the fall of 1879 he joined the roar. org-tion \"Black redistribution\", was one of her hands. In the beginning. 1881 emigrated to Switzerland due to the threat of arrest. In 1883 - one of the founders of the first rose. Marxist, c. \"Emancipation of Labor\", translated into Russian. lang. a number of works by K. Marx and F. Engels, the author of a number of publications on the parliamentary activities of Western Europe. s.-d. parties. Comp. s.-d. g. \"Worker\" (1885), \"Banner\" (1889), one of the editions. g. \"Socialist\" (1889), \"Social Democrat\" (1888–92), \"Worker\" (1896), since 1900 - one of the founders and editors. gas. Iskra and Zh. \"Zarya\", one of the hands. “Zagran. league rus. roar. s.-d-tii \". Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), after which - one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Supporter of cooperation of the Social-Democratic Party with Ros. liberals. At the 4th Congress of the RSDLP (1906), he spoke out for the participation of Social-Democrats. in the State. thought. Affairs. 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907); after the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07 - a supporter of a radical transformation of the party on the basis of legalization, in 1908-10 - one of the leaders of the \"liquidators\", sotr. gas. \"Voice of a Social Democrat\", w. \"Luch\" and others. Since 1912 - member. Org. to-ta (OK) Mensheviks, one of the editors. “Izvestia zagran. Secretariat of the OK \". Affairs. a number of Congresses of the 2nd International, since 1913 - a member. Inter-dunar. socialist the Bureau. Into the 1st world. war participant Zimmerwald (1915) and Kintalskaya (1916) international. socialist conferences. From May 1917 in Russia, he opposed the continuation of the war. In aug. went abroad to prepare a new international. socialist conferences. Oct the coup of 1917 was regarded as “military. conspiracy of the Bolsheviks. \" In emigration - Member. Bureau of Socialist. working international, sotr. g. \"Socialist. Bulletin \"and other Social-Democrats. editions. Memoirs A. \"Experienced and changed his mind\" (Berlin, 1923) - a valuable source on the history of societies, movement in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century Vol .: The Working Class and the Revolution. movement in Russia (Sat. Art. 1890-1904), St. Petersburg, 1907; Struggle for peace and restoration of the International, P., 1917; From the archive of P.B. Axelrod, Berlin, 1924; Letters from P.B. Ak-selrod and Yu.O. Martov, Berlin, 1924; Correspondence between G.V. Plekhanov and P.B.Akselrod, vols. 1–2, M., 1925; Group \"Emancipation of Labor\", \"Chronicle of Marxism\", 1928, No. 6."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXELROD Zelik Moiseevich (1904, Minsk - 1941, ibid.), Poet. At the age of 16, he made his debut verse. in Minsk Heb. gas. Der Veker. Studied in Moscow in Lit. in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusov, then in Leningrad. After returning to Minsk in the middle. 20s actively participated in lit. life of Belarus. He published poems and reviews in f. \"Stern\", as well as in the period, ed. Moscow and Kharkov. In Heb. after having finished. poetry occupies a prominent place as a lyricist who knows how to subtly convey deep feelings. In 1939 he worked in the mountains. gas. in Bialystok. After returning to Minsk he was repressed. He died in a Minsk prison. Author of collection of poetry., Ed. in Minsk: \"Tsapl\" (\"Trembling\"), 1922; Leader (Poems), 1932; \"Oig af oig\" (\"Eye to eye\"), 1937, etc."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXENFELD August (1825, Odessa - 1876, Paris), doctor. Graduated from honey. faculty in Paris, received scientific. Dr. med. Participated in the fight against cholera in Paris at the beginning. 1850s, for which he was awarded the French. pr-va, including a large gold medal. From 1853–58 A. taught at the Sorbonne, from 1857 - prof., In 1858–71 - Ch. doctor of the hospital \"Bojan\" in Paris."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AXENFELD Yisroel (1787, Nemirov, Podolsk province - 1866, Paris), prose writer, playwright. R. in a Hasidic family. All R. 20s 19th century moved to Odessa, took up self-education, worked as a notary. One of the first among the Hebrews. educators began to write in Yiddish. Author of over 20 plays, pov. and rom., to-rye spread in manuscripts for a long time. During his lifetime he managed to print only two works: the play \"Der Ershter Yidischer Recruit\" (\"The First Jewish Recruit\"), Leipzig, 1862 and p. \"Dos sterntihl\" (\"Headdress\"), ibid., 1861. Author: \"Man un vibe, schwester un brooder\" (\"Husband and wife, sister and brother\"), \"Di gefkervelt\" (\"Deceiving world\" ), \"Kaptsn oysher spire\" (\"From wealth to poverty\"), \"Noh tsvei gozn\" (\"For two hares\"), etc. He died in Paris, where he moved from Odessa to his son, A. Aksenfeld. Some of A.'s works were translated and published in French. the tongue of his son."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKSENOV Vasily Pavlovich (b. 1932, Kazan), writer. Son of E.S. Ginzburg. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. in-t. First stories publ. in 1959. In 1960 in the railway. \"Yunost\" comes out pov. \"Colleagues\", and in 1961 rum. \"Star ticket\" - about the life of the present. youth, after the publication to-rogo A. becomes one of the recognized leaders of the so-called. youth confessional prose. In the 60s. in the same train. \"Youth\" are published and other works. A. - \"Oranges from Morocco\", \"It's time, my friend, it's time\", \"Overstocked barrel\", stories, some of them become the subject of fierce disputes. Was a member. editorial board \"Youth\", in 1969 excluded from it together with EA Evtushenko. In the 70s. published a little. One of the books. this period - p. about LB Krasin \"Love for Electricity\" (M., 1972) in the middle. \"Ardent Revolutionaries\". A. is one of the organizers and participants of the samizdat alm. \"Metropol\" (1979), which entailed repression against the department. its authors. In protest left the SI of the USSR (together with I.L. Lisnyanskaya and S.I. Lipkin). I ate, manuf. this period, publ. in the USSR, became a pov. \"Search for a genre\" (\"New World\", 1978). In the same year he leaves at the invitation abroad, and after a few. months comes out the decision of the Top. Council of the USSR on deprivation of A. owls. citizenship. 1979 in the USA. He worked at the University of Southern California, Kennon Institute, then prof. in un-those \"George Mason\" (Washington). Already in the US, they published. works written in the USSR: p. Our Golden Piece of Iron (1973), rom. \"Burn\" (1969-75), \"Crimea Island\" (1977-79), as well as new ones - rum. \"Paper Landscape\", \"Say Raisins\", collection of works. stories \"The Right to the Island\", Sat. plays \"Aristophanic with frogs\", book. about America \"In Search of a Sad Baby\" and others. lang. written rom. \"Egg yolk\". Realistic. in fact, A.'s prose is mixed with fantasy, parody, grotesque, irony and lyricism are fused in it. Mn. manuf. emphatically experimental. In naib, multi-faceted rum. A.'s \"burn\" concerns Hebrews. Topics. A. also owns scripts for t-ra and cinema, trans. from English lang. (E. Doctorow and others). Since 1987 manufactured. A. again begin to be published in Russia: \"Burn\", M., 1990; \"Crimea Island\", M., 1990; \"The Right to the Island\", M., 1991, etc. In Harbors (USA) published in 6 vols. collection op. AND."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKSENOVO-ZILOVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1930) in the Chernyshevsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Zilovo station, Nerchinsky environs. Transbaikal region. In 1939 in A.-Z. there were 38 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "Aksha, a village, a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of the Trans-Baikal Region. In 1897, 10 Jews (0.6%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 4 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ACTIN Ruth (b.1900), society. activist. Kibbutz activist. She took part in the activities of the Zionist socialists in Russia. She was arrested on charges of Zionist activities. Since 1924 - in E.I. Member parties Akhdut ha-Avoda and Mapai. Member reign \"Ha-kibbutz ha-meuhad\". She was the ambassador of the kibbutz movement in Italy (1946). One of the leaders of the women's labor movement. Member Knesset from Akhdut ha-Avoda - Poalei Zion, member. c. Labor Party, member. c. \"Naamat\", part. Centre. control commission of Histadrut and Labor."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKTSIN Binyamin (1904, Riga - 1985, Jerusalem), lawyer. Graduated from Vienna (1929, Doctor of Law) and Parisian (1929) high fur boots. In the 1930s and 40s. active member of the Zionist movement in the USA, revisionist. In 1941–46 he was an expert on international issues. rights at the B-ke of the Congress (Washington). In E.-I. - since 1949, since the same year prof. constitution. law and polit, sciences in Heb. University of Jerusalem (honored prof. from 1972). State pr. Israel (right) 1967 for tr. according to int. right."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKTUBE, see Aktyubinsk."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "AKTUBINSK (until 1891 - Aktobe), city, center of Aktobe region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1869.Since 1891 - a district town of the Turgai region, from 1921 - a provincial town. Since 1932 it has been the center of the Aktobe Region. In 1910, 35 Jews (0.3%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 251, in 1959 - 902 (0.9%), in 1970 - 870 (0.6%), 1979 - 705 Jews (0.4%) In 1996 the Jewish cultural center \"Shalom\" and a Jewish Sunday school were opened in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALAGIR, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). Main all R. 19th century as a fortified settlement at z-de col. metals. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Alagirskoe Vladikavkaz u. Tersk Region In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALAGIR, see Alagir."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALANTA, a village in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovanta Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 222 Jews (about 50%) lived in Armenia in 1923. Jews settled in Armenia in the 19th century; there was a synagogue. In 1878-83, the rabbi of A. was Benjamin Gitelzon, the author of the book. \"Ha-Poteakh ve-ha-Hotem\" (New York, 1898), from 1911 - Shmuel-Itskhok Cigar (1875—?), In the 1930s. - Zalman Dobchansky. In 1921 the council of the community was elected, a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish. In 1931 the Jews owned two grocery and one butcher shops, a pharmacy, a tannery, a tavern, a representative office of the Singer firm, a mill, and two wool spinning workshops. In the beginning. 1930 a branch of the Jewish National Bank was opened. The group \"Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair\" was active. In the spring of 1939, a pogrom took place in Austria, caused by the \"blood libel.\" After the occupation of the Germans. the troops of the Jews of A. and neighboring towns were taken to the Antaksciai farm and on August 29. 1941 shot (only a few people survived, hidden by local peasants)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALAPAEVSK, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1639 as the village of Alapaikha. From 1781 it was a district town, and from 1802 it was a provincial town in Perm province. In 1939, 47 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALAPAIKHA, see Alapaevsk."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALATYR, city, regional center in the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1552. From 1780 - the district town of the Simbirsk governorship, then - the Simbirsk province. In 1920-25 it was a part of the Chuvash Autonomous Region, in 1925-90 it was the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1910, 106 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1920 - 305 (1.6%), in 1925 - 265, in 1939 - 121 Jews. In 1910, Armenia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1930s. it was illegal. minyan. After its closure, the Torah scrolls were confiscated and transferred to the Cheboksary local history museum. Between 1941 and 1941 the number of the Jewish population of Albania grew at the expense of the evacuees. After 1945, most of the evacuees left A.D. M. Kostinskaya"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALBINA, a village in the Cimislia region (Republic of Moldova). In 1941, after the occupation of the Roman-German. troops, in A. all Jews were shot."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALCHEDAR, a village in the Soldanesht district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alchidari Orhei district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 174 Jews (10.4%) lived in Armenia. In June 1941, most of the Jews of Albania were evacuated; those who remained through the transit camp were deported in the fall of 1941 to Transnistria."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALCHEVSK (up to 1901 - Yuryevka, in 1931-61 - Voroshilovsk, in 1961-92 - Kommunarsk), a city (since 1932) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Lugansk district. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia In 1920, there were 1,117 Jews living in Armenia, 781 in 1923, 856 in 1926, 1383 in 1939, 1165 (1.3%) in 1959, 1100 (0.9%) in 1970, 1979 - 900 Jews (0.8%) After the mass execution of the Jewish population on 24 Sept. 1942 approx. 100 Jews. In 1998, approx. 500 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALCHIDARI, see Alchedar."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALCHIN, see Muromka."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALDAN (until 1941 - the settlement of Nezametny), a city (from 1939), a regional center in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1775. At the end. 18th century - a district town of Irkutsk province., At 19 - beginning. 20th century - Yakutsk Region. In 1939 64 Jews lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALDANOV Mark (real name and surname. Mark Alexandrovich Landau) (1889, Kiev - 1957, Nice), writer. Graduated from law. and phys.-mat. f-you Kiev, un-that, School of societies. Sciences, in Paris. He left Russia in 1918. He lived in France. Years 2nd world. war spent in the United States, where joint. with M.O.Tsetlin founded \"New Journal\". He made his debut as a literary book. \"Tolstoy and Rolland\" (vol. 1, 1915). In 1918, in the pamphlet \"Armageddon\", he analyzed the lessons of Russian. rev-tion. In the first. years of emigration, Ch. arr. journalism, collaborated in the train. \"Modern Notes\" in Paris. The work of A.'s life was a cycle of 16 ist. rum., pov. and \"Philosophy. fairy tales ”covering almost two hundred years of Russian. and peace. stories from the reign of Catherine II to the death of Stalin. Among the productions that make up the cycle, Vol. about fr. revolution and terror (\"9 Thermidor\", 1923), about the last days of Napoleon (\"Saint Helena, a small island\", 1923), about Russia during the rise of the roar. movement (\"Origins\", 1950). In the book. \"Ulm Night\" (New York, 1953) A. defines the meaning of ist. process as the eternal struggle of \"goodness-beauty\" with \"gloomy phenomena of the kingdom of chance.\" Jews and Hebrews topic in the book. A. episodic, associated with the world. and, ch. arr., rus. culture and societies, life. In a number of books. A. there are positive Jewish characters (\"Suicide\", \"Live as you want\", \"The Story of Death\"). Anti-Semitism is strongly condemned and fears of the coming Holocaust are expressed in the essay \"Hitler\" (1936). Peru A. owns essays on polit. Jewish figures L. Blume, W. Rathenau. In his letters A. stressed that he had never been a Zionist, that he was a \"liberal, European and Jewish.\" In addition to thin. Prod., A. is also the author of a number of experiments, works in chemistry."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEK S. (1888 - 1956, Odessa), prose writer, publicist. During civil. war in Ukraine was associated with anarchists. All R. 20s was ed. Heb. gas. in Berdichev, and in the middle. 30s gas. \"Odesar Arbater\". Being ed. gas. in Yiddish, A. tried to reform the language, introducing into it numerous. Slavicisms. During these years A. published several. book stories and essays: \"Farmekte vegn\" (\"Crossed out roads\"), Berdichev, 1932; \"In ongli\" (\"In heat\"), Kharkov, 1932; \"Tempn\" (\"Tempos\"), Kharkov-Kiev, 1932 and others. 30s was repressed. All R. 50s returned to Odessa mentally ill and died in hospital."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDERFELD, see Berezanka."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRAVELE, a village in the Rokiskis district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Aleksandrovo, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. On the eve of the Second World. War in A. lived apprx. 200 inhabitants, including 10 Jewish families. After the occupation of Austria by German. troops (June 1941), almost all Jews were killed in the fall of the same year."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRENES, see Aleksandren."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRIA, see Zemaichiu-Naumiestis."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRIYSKAYA, a village in the Georgievsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Terek Region. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 55 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia. Lazar Moiseevich Dorokhov (1900-1964, Kishinev), corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (1961), from 1961 director. Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRO-NEVSKAYA, see Alexander Nevsky."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRO-NEVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1947), center of Novoderevensky district, Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Alexander Nevskaya Ranenburgsky u. Ryazan province. In 1939 in A.-N. 9 Jews lived."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRONEVSK, now part of the village. Cherry in the Kuibyshevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Grunau Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 90 Jews (13%) lived in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROPOL, see Gyumri."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV (real name Miller) Haim (1869, Petersburg - 1909, New York), poet, prose writer, publicist. R. in the family of a retired Nikolaev soldier. He wrote poetry in Russian. and Heb. lang. He studied at Vilen. teacher. in-those. Since 1898 in the USA. Collaborated with Heb. ed., published poems, stories, dramas, feuilletons, trans. His verse. \"Breeder, world obn geshlosn ...\" (\"Brothers, we have concluded ...\") in the years of the lane. Russian Revolution of 1905 became the anthem of the working youth. A. was a passionate language propagandist. Yiddish. Among his works. naib, known: \"Biography of Leo Tolstoy\", 1903; \"Interview with M. Gorky\", 1908. In 1906, his drama \"Di ershte libe\" (\"First Love\") was staged in New York. Translated into Yiddish. Gorky, G.A. Machteta and others. writers."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Alexander Petrovich (1900, Oryol - 1946, Tallinn), military leader, rear adm. (1944). Graduated from 6th grade. g-zii, Naval. academy (1927). In Kr. Army from 1918. In 1918–20 - in cavalry. brigade G. I. Kotovsky. From 1921 in the navy. In 1927-29 - pom. teams. battleship \"Marat\". In 1929–33 - com. cruiser \"Aurora\". In 1934–36 - early. department of strategic. and operational claim naval. academy. In 1936–40 - early. Naval. academy. Participant citizen wars in Spain. In 1940–41 - com. Novorossiysk navy. base. Since 1941 - teams. Azov military flotilla. At the end of 1941 - beginning. 1942 was under investigation on charges of leaving the fleet from the base in Mariupol. In 1942–44 - early. headquarters of the Ladoga military flotilla, com. Leningrad navy. base. 1945–46 - early. headquarters Balt. fleet. Killed in a plane crash. Awarded the 7th order."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Avraam Yakovlevich (1915, Zhitomir, Volyn province. - 1983, Novosibirsk), physicist, specialist in the region. rigid body mechanics and elasticity theory. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947), prof. from 1948. In 1939 he graduated from the Rostov Institute of Ing. railroad transport. In 1931–41 he worked in Rostov-on-Don, from 1941 - for the military. s-dakh of Novosibirsk. Since 1951 head. Department of Buildings, Mechanics of the Novosibirsk Institute of Engineering. railroad transport and in Siberian n.-i. Aviation in-those. Osn. research devoted to the calculations of three-layer structures with fillers, polarized-optical. methods and mechanics of solids (in particular, the method of photoelastic coatings) and spaces. problems of the theory of elasticity. Completed a series of works on axisymmetric problems of the theory of elasticity (B.G. Galerkin Ave., 1964). Author of scientific. printed works and monographs. Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1965), Hon. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1966). State etc. USSR (1980). Cit .: Structures with foam fillers, 2nd ed., M., 1973; Polarized-optical methods of mechanics of a deformable solid, Moscow, 1973 (with M.Kh. Akhmetzyanov); Spaces. problems of the theory of elasticity: application of methods of the theory of functions of a complex variable, Moscow, 1978 (with Yu.I. Solov'ev)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Moisey Alexandrovich (| - 1922, Moscow), polit. activist, engineer. While studying in Berlin (1903-1904), he joined the Social-Democrats. emigrant circles. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, worked in Moscow. org-tion of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction \"liquidator\", participated in the publication of books by N. Cherevanin, V. Gorn and others. In the years of the 1st world. wars - in the army. Feb the Revolution of 1917 met in Moscow, joined the Menshevik Party. He was a member of Ch. to-that of the Union of Cities (member of the Presidium from the Menshevik faction) and to Zemgor. Oct he did not accept the revolution, was led by an anti-Bolshevist. agitation and propaganda. In 1919–21 he worked as an engineer, as well as in the system of prof.-tech. education, was repeatedly arrested. 02/25/1921 during the mass arrests of the Social-Democratic menypeviks imprisoned in the Butyrka prison, after 2 months. transferred to Oryol Central, where he participated in an 8-day hunger strike watered. prisoners. After 9 months. delivered to Moscow at the disposal of the Cheka; he was in Lubyanka, in Taganskaya and Butyrskaya prisons. He contracted typhus, which caused brain inflammation and paralysis. 03.12.1921 released from Butyrok, a month and three days later he died. A.'s funeral turned into a demonstration (about 400 people) with the participation of representatives of the RSDLP and the Union of Engineers."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Shmuel (1865, Borisov, Minsk province - 1941, Bobruisk), rabbi. R. in the family of a rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. He independently studied secular sciences, incl. lang., philosophy, history. In the 1900s. joined the religious movement. Zionism and became an active promoter of its ideas, collaborating in Heb. press. Tr. A. influenced the decision of A.I. Cook to join the Mizrahi movement. From the beginning. 1920s - a rabbi in Bobruisk. In his last work (published in 1932 in Jerusalem) he contrasted Zionism with communism. He was shot together with other Jews of Bobruisk."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1906, Cherkassy, Kiev province), cytophysiologist, doctor of biological sciences. Sciences (1940), prof. In 1929 he graduated from the Leningrad State. un-t, in 1934 - graduate school of the State. to radiologists., radiological. and cancer in-that. In 1941 he volunteered for the front. Since 1945 head. lab. cytology Ying-that experiment. medicine. In 1950 he opposed the pseudoscientific theory of O.B. Lepeshinskaya and was fired. In 1952 the head. the lab organized by him. cytophysiology and cytoecology Botanich. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 - scientific consultant. Joint. with DN Nasonov, a protein theory of damage and irritation was developed, according to a cut, the primary target of damaging agents and irritants are proteins of the cytoplasm, which undergo structural changes of the denaturation type. A. identified sources of specific. and nonspecific. changes in cells and proteins under the action of external agents. A theory has been developed to explain the parallelism in the evolution of all organisms between the thermophilicity of a species and the heat resistance of cells and proteins (registered as a discovery in 1989). It has been proven that with nonspecific. increasing cell resistance in response to stress, stress proteins may not be responsible for increasing primary cell resistance, but some stress proteins may contribute to the repair of damaged cells. A. published ca. 200 works. Became. pr. (1943), gold medal named after II Mechnikov (1972). Works: The reaction of living matter to external influences, L., 1940 (jointly with DN Nasonov); Cells, macromolecules and temperature, L., 1975; Reactivity of cells and proteins, L., 1985; Difficult years of Soviet biology, St. Petersburg, 1992."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVICH Mikhail Davidovich (b. 1914, Stock Exchange, Kovno province), singer, cantor. Since childhood, he had a beautiful, strong voice (high altitude). From the age of 9 he performed as a child prodigy in Riga and other cities of neighboring countries. He studied singing in Heb. bunk bed cons. in Riga with E. Weisbein and accompanist S. Zegor. Under their guidance he performed songs by him. romantics, opera arias, romances rus. comp., songs by E. Shklyar and other Heb. comp. and Heb. bunk bed songs (all in the original language). In 1925 he toured Poland and Germany. He made his debut as a cantor in the Riga Old-New Synagogue in 1933. In 1934–36 he was cantor at the Great Synagogue of Manchester (Great Britain), in 1936–40 - at the Kaunas Choral Synagogue, performed at an opera house (parts of Lensky and Count Almaviva: “ Eugene Onegin \"by P. Tchaikovsky,\" The Barber of Seville \"by G. Rossini); sometimes he performed secular melodies in the synagogue. Periodically improved with B. Gigli in Rome (mastered the bel canto style). In its art, it follows the traditions of Sh. Rozovsky (combination of Hebrew folk melodies and elements of national liturgical music with the achievements of European music culture). In the cantor's performance he combined synagogue singers. traditions with prof. wok. the bel canto school. From 1940 he lived in the USSR. He sang on the radio in Minsk (1940). Since 1941 artist of the All-Union. concert association; He toured a lot in the cities of Central Asia, in Baku. In 1941 he gave concerts with front-line brigades in the Caucasus, in 1942–43 - in Tbilisi. From 1944 he performed with great success in Moscow and other cities of the USSR. He gave concerts as a soloist with symphony. orc. and decomp. ensembles. Along with opera arias and Neapolitan songs, he performed romances and songs of Russian. and owls. comp., included in the programs rarely executed works. G.Persella, J.S.Bach, A.Vivaldi and others, sometimes accompanied by organ and harpsichord, strings, quartet (sang in the original language). At the end of the 60s. was persecuted by officials of the Ministry of Culture and the State. concert. From 1971 - in Israel, in 1975–79 - in Canada, in 1979–83 - in New York, in 1983–90 - in Hollywood, since 1990 - in Munich. Abroad released 7 LPs with Russian recordings. romances, opera arias, Heb. songs, cantor's psalms and hymns. Has performed in Tel Aviv, New York, Rio de Janeiro, Toronto, Sydney, Buenos Aires. Honored. art. RSFSR (1947). Became. etc. (1948)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVKA, see Buzovarovo."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVO-TROYANOVO, see Alexandruv-Kujawski."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVO, see Alexandravel."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSK-GRUSHEVSKY, see Mines."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSK-SAKHALINSKY (until 1926 - Aleksandrovsky), a city (from 1917), a regional center in the Sakhalin Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1862 as Aleksandrovskaya settlement, from 1881 - Aleksandrovsky Post, from 1884 - the center of Fr. Sakhalin, isolated from the Primorsk region. in themselves. admin-terr. unit. In 1932-47 it was the center of the Sakhalin Region. In 1939 in A.-S. there were 180 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSK, see Zaporozhye."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKAYA, see Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKAYA DACHA, see Birofeld."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKAYA SLOBODA, see Alexandrov."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKY, see Novosibirsk."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKY POST, see Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKY, see Belogorsk, Amur Region."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRU CHEL BUN, a village in the Soroca region (Republic of Moldova). July to 19 Aug 1941 there was a camp in A. Ch. B., in which more than 2 thousand Jews were gathered. After its liquidation, the Jews were transferred to a camp in Vertyuzhany (present-day Pridnestrovskoe)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRUW-KUJAWSKI, a city (since 1880) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a village, then the city of Aleksandrovo-Troyanovo Neshavsky u. Warsaw province. In 1897 in A.-K. Inhabited by 286 Jews (11%), in 1921 - 977 (12%), in 1939 - 1200 Jews (10%). Jews settled in A.-K. at the end. 19th century A.-K. at that time it was a border point, which had a railway. station. At first, the Jews built their houses at a certain distance from A.-K., since they were forbidden to live near the station, which stood directly on the border. Over time, the Jewish settlement became part of A.-K. In the 1880s. in A.-K. a synagogue was built. There was a cheder, in 1910 it was opened early. Jewish school. Jews were engaged in trade and crafts, they owned textile, grocery, hardware and other shops. Among the Jews were tailors, shoemakers, hatters, some were involved in smuggling. In the 1920s. a philanthropist was opened. cash desk, in 1928 - a branch of the Cooperative Credit Bank. Rabbi A.-K. from 1906 he was Avrom-Yeoshua Gliksman (1860—?), from 1933 - Yaakov-Hirsch Galdzhaler. In the 1920s and 30s. in A.-K. there were branches of Jewish parties and movements, c. incl. Bunda, \"Agudas Israel\". After the beginning. 2nd world. wars in sept. 1939 A.-K. bombed; there were great casualties among the Jewish population. On Sept. and nov. 1939 some of the Jews were sent to Bergen-Belsen, the rest to the Warsaw ghetto."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROW-LUDZKI, a city (since 1822) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1818 on the site of the Bruzitsky glass factory in the ęczycki district of the Mazovian voivodeship, since 1867 - the Aleksandrov posad of the Lodz district. Petrokovskaya province. 1850s. in A.-L. lived approx. 1000 Jews, in 1897 - 1673 (27.9%), in 1921 - approx. 3,500 Jews. In 1826 Jews were allowed to reside and acquire land for only a few. streets A.-L. In 1876 Ichiel Danzscher (1848-1894) founded in A.-L. Hasidic court. 1940 in A.-L. a ghetto was created, liquidated in June 1942."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRUV, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - d. Aleksandrov Varshavsky u. 401 Jews (50%) lived in Armenia in 1897, and in the 1930s. - 1,300 Jews. The Jewish population of Albania was destroyed during the Holocaust."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXEEV (real family. Lifshits) Alexey Grigorievich (1887, Petersburg - 1985, Moscow), entertainer, dir. As a high school student in Odessa, he participated in amateur performances. In 1905 he entered the law. Faculty of Odessa University. From 1909 he acted as an entertainer in the Bibabo cabaret and other theaters in Odessa. In the 1911/12 season, he worked at the Green Parrot Theater, then held a conference at the Kiev Bibabo; in the same place, in Kiev, he graduated from the university as an external student (1913). In the 1914/15 season, an entertainer and thin hand. Odessa \"Maly Theater\". A. belonged to the type of entertainer-improviser, not having, as a rule, a prepared text, he responded wittily and vividly to remarks from the audience, linking what was happening on stage with the everyday events of the surrounding life. From 1915 he appeared at the Liteiny Theater and at the Pavilion de Paris in Petrograd. His appearance was unchanged: a tailcoat and a monocle. In 1926, at the request of the public, who saw in this the attributes of an \"alien element\", A. parted with a monocle, and later with a tailcoat. In 1917–20 the actor and dir. t-ra \"Grotesque\" in Kiev. In 1921-24, thin. hands. sinks, t-ra \"Jimmy's Curve\". He attracted talented authors (N.R. Erdman, V.M. Inber), ballet masters (K.Ya. Goleizovsky) to work. In May 1924 the shopping mall was closed; Moscow began to work in its premises. t-r satire, from 1927 A. ch. dir. this mr. In 1927, together with V.E. Ardov, he wrote a post, here is a review \"Aren't you a hooligan, citizen |\", which entered the repertoire for a long time. A year later, A. left the t-ra and became the head of the Operetta Theater. Author of texts and director of the operetta \"Louis ... the eleventh\" (1928), music. comedy \"The Singer from the Factory Committee\" (1932). In 1933 A. was arrested and sent to a camp; in Karelia in Medvezhyegorsk hands. t-rum, to-rogo actors were also prisoners. Returning from exile in 1939, he staged concerts-performances by L.O. Utesov and V.N. Knushevitsky; from the autumn of the same year - ch. dir. Moscow operetta theater. During the 1941–45 war, Ch. dir. Irkutsk Operetta Theater, Leningrad Maly Opera House, evacuated to Chkalov. In 1944–46 hands. Moscow t-rum of miniatures; post, the play \"Bronze Bust\" by NA Aduev and IN Kovner, which caused severe criticism and was removed from the repertoire. Without leaving his profession as an entertainer, he performed at the studios, in clubs, conducted concerts in the Hall of Columns, in the Hall. P.I. Tchaikovsky. In 1958 he said goodbye to the audience, playing VN Korostylev's vaudeville “The Disguised Groom” on the stage of the T-ravine, where, in addition to him, MV Mironova, AS Menaker, LB Mirov, MV .Novitsky and others. The author of the book. memories \"Serious and Funny\" (ed. 1967, 1972, 1984)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEKSEEV Alexander (until 1845 - Wulf Nakhlas) (1820, borough Nezarinets, Podolsk province - 1895), orthodox. missionary, publicist. As a boy, he was taken to the cantonists, in 1845 he was baptized, promoted the conversion of many to Orthodoxy. Jews-cantonists, for active missionary activity in 1848 promoted to non-commissioned officer. Soon he fell seriously ill (paralysis of the legs) and retired. In the 1850s. acted as an expert in the case against gr. Jews in ritual murder (the so-called \"Saratov case\"), convincingly proved the falsehood of the accusation. Later, while living in Novgorod, he collaborated in the Orthodox Church. periodic. editions \"Spiritual conversation\", \"Church. chronicle ”,“ Wanderer ”, where he posted a number of articles with sharp attacks on Heb. everyday life, customs, religion. He argued that the conversion of the Cantonists to Orthodoxy was completely voluntary, argued with publicists who questioned the sincerity of Jews who converted to Christianity, and opposed the abolition of restrictions. laws on Jews, for the preservation of the Pale of Settlement. Book. A. “Worship, Holidays and Religious. rituals of today's Jews ”has withstood 3 editions (Novgorod, 1861, 1863 and 1865). To refute the \"blood libel\" he dedicated the brochure \"Do Jews Use Christian Blood from Religion. purpose | \" (Novgorod, 1886)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEKSEEV Georgy Alekseevich (1905, Montpellier, France - 1989, Moscow), therapist-hematologist. In 1912-13 he studied at the Paris Lyceum, after moving his parents to Russia - at the Feodosia gymnasium. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Central Asia. University (Tashkent) in 1928. Medical. and scientific activity began in Tashkent as a resident at the Department of Therapy of the University. In 1936 he moved to Moscow and, at the invitation of I.A. Kassirsky, worked at the 3rd Department of Therapy Center, in-that improved. doctors, where he went from a resident to prof. From 1952 to 1960 - Ch. railway therapist transport of the USSR; from 1973 to 1986 - professor-consultant at the Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. In 1944 he defended his doctorate. dis. on the topic \"Sternal puncture and its clinical significance.\" He made a significant contribution to the study of the pathology of red blood, developed a classification of anemias, highlighting the Addison-Birmer disease itself (pernicious anemia), helminthic pernicious anemia, and pernicious anemia of pregnant women. Described the clinical picture of these forms; studied changes in internal organs with anemia; specified the mechanisms of hematopoiesis disorders in Addison-Birmer disease. He developed a method for determining the bone marrow index and leukogram in case of abnormal changes in the nuclei of leukocytes. A. paid great attention to the problem of therapy of malignant anemia. Together with IA Kassirskiy, he developed an original method of treating the disease with a \"campolon stroke\", which normalizes bone marrow hematopoiesis in a patient. elected member. Right. Vseros. about-va therapists, chl. Int. about-va of hematologists, ch. about-va of hematologists of Germany. Works: Leukoses, M., 1950; Anemia, M., 1953; Multiple myeloma, M., 1960 (in co-authorship with Andreeva N.A.); Clinical Hematology, M, 1970 (in co-authorship with Kassirsky I.A.)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVKA, see Torez."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVO-DRUZHKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alekseevka Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939 in A.-D. lived 29 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVO-LOZOVSKY, see Alekseevo-Lozovskoye."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVO-LOZOVSKY, a village in the Chertkovsky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Alekseevo-Lozovsky, Donetsk env. Regions of the Don Army. In 1939 in A.-L. there were 8 Jews."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVSK, see Free."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEKSEEVSKOE, a village in Blagodarny district of Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Stavropol province. 24 Aug. 1942 26 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXANDREN (up to 1991 - Alexandrens), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lip. In 1918-1940 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1190 Jews (95%) lived in Armenia, in 1907 - 1275, in 1919 - 350 Jewish families (90%), in 1930 - 1018 Jews (66.8%), in 1940 - 300 Jews. in 1836 on the initiative of the governor of Bessarabia with the aim of attracting Jews to agricultural. labor. The first Jews in Armenia were immigrants from the Podolsk province. Main occupation - the cultivation of corn, before the 1st world. war - growing tobacco. Husband. the population went to work in the cities. In the 1900s. the EKO school was opened in A., and there were 3 synagogues. Introduced in the 1920s. the monopoly on tobacco led to a sharp drop in purchasing prices. Jews began to grow Ch. arr. sunflower. In the 1930s. in Armenia there was a sharp deficit in agriculture. technology and tools. ORT organization opened a rental shop for agricultural products. technology. The head of the station was a representative of ORT, an agronomist student. In 1941–42, the Jews of Armenia were shot. The erection of a monument on the mass grave of the dead Jews, which began after 1945, was not completed due to the ban of the authorities."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXIN, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 13th century From 1777 it was a district town of the Tula governorship, then a province. In 1897 there were 56 Jews (1.6%) in Armenia, in 1910 - 62, in 1926 - 68, in 1939 - 31 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEKSIN Anatoly Georgievich (real fam. Goberman) (b. 1924, Moscow), writer, playwright, society. activist. Ch.-c. APN USSR (1982). R. in the family of desks. employee. As a schoolboy, he published the first. verse. into gas. \"Pionerskaya Pravda\" and Zh. \"Pioneer\". Subsequently, everything is verse. A. entered the joint venture. with S.A. Baruzdin sb. \"Flag\" (1951). The first prose writer. manuf. A .: stories, essays, journalism published in ser. 1940s In 1950 he graduated from the Indian Department. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. First. Sat. prose \"Thirty-one days\" was published. in 1954. Then the book was published. for children and youth: \"The Unusual Adventures of Seva Kotlov\" (1958); Sasha and Shura (1957); The Seventh Floor Says (1961); \"Meanwhile, somewhere ...\" (1967); “My brother plays the clarinet” (1968) and others. editorial board \"Youth\". For many years, being one of the secretaries. SP RSFSR, headed the section for children. and a young man. lit-ry. By production A. made films and television films. Plays A. were staged in many. t-tah countries and abroad. A. the author is numerous. public Art. in the period, print. In 1979–81, the collection was published. op. A. in 3 volumes. Since 1993 in Israel. Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1970), State. pr. RSFSR (1974); State etc. USSR (1978), etc."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXINETS, see [[Old Aleksinets."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXOT, see Alyaksotas within the city of Kaunas."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALEXOTA, see Alyaxotas."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALYOSHKI, see Tsyurupinsk."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALESHKOVSKY Yaakov (1872, Moscow - 1946, Tel Aviv), one of the leaders of Ukrainian Jewry and the world. Mizrahi. On the maternal side - the grandson of Rabbi H. Berlin. Was brought up in the house of his grandfather. He studied in Volozhin. In 1894 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1903–04 he was a rabbi in the city of Alexandria (Kherson province). In 1904–20 - in Kiev. Was an inspector of schools belonging to the Kiev community. He studied law at Kiev un-those, received his doctorate (1917). Member \"Zionist Center of Ukraine\"; in 1917-19 - member. nat. Council of Ukraine, vice-president. nat. Council of Jews of Ukraine. In 1921 he moved to Warsaw, where he became one of the leaders of Mizrahi: he was elected to the central parties, organs in Poland, member. Directorate of the Joint. Sec. World Mizrachi in Europe. In 1925 he rejected an offer to become the rabbi of Helsinki. From 1925 - in E.-I. There was a deer. uch. establishments \"Netzah Yisrael\" in Petah Tikva. Since 1927 in Tel Aviv, founder (1930) and director. wives gymnasium \"Talpiot\", ped. seminary for girls \"Talpiot\". Founded the first religion. children garden in Tel Aviv. Was before. Mizrahi in E.-I. and a branch of the party in Tel Aviv."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "Aleshkovsky Yuz (real name Iosif Efimovich), (b. 1929, Krasnoyarsk), writer. At the age of 19 he was tried for violation of military discipline and spent 4 years in prison. After his release, he worked as a digger and driver. He gained his first fame as a songwriter: \"Soviet Easter\" and \"Songs about Stalin\" - in the years when amateur and bardic songs, along with \"samizdat\", opposed official songwriting and literature. The publication of A.'s camp songs in the Metropol almanac (1979) led to emigration to the United States. Prose works previous years - p. \"Nikolai Nikolaevich\" (1970), rom. \"Kangaroo\" (1974-1975) and \"Disguise\" (1978) could not be published at that time in Russia because of the openly anti-Soviet orientation and because of the typical writing style for A. with a predominance of \"profanity\" vocabulary. In those years A. published only his stories and stories for children. He also wrote the story \"Little Blue Modest Handkerchief\" (1982), the novels \"Hand\" (1980; \"Carousel\" (1983). In the last novel, the story is told from the perspective of an elderly Jewish worker who, under pressure of circumstances, is forced to admit emigration from the USSR the only salvation from state anti-Semitism."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALFEROV Zhores Ivanovich (b. 1930), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t. From 1952 - in Physics and Technology. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe: scientific. sotr., head. sector, head. lab .; since 1987 - director. Prof. Since 1990 - Vice-President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works in the region. physics of semiconductors, semiconductor and quantum electronics. 1989-91 - bunk bed. dep. THE USSR. Ch. ed. g. \"Physics and technology of semiconductors.\" Linen. pr. (1972), State. pr. USSR (1984), Int. avenue \"Gallium arsenide\". Foreign member Academy of Sciences of Germany, Poland, Nat. acad. USA."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALI, a village in the Khashur region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. in the 12th century. as a city at the intersection of bargaining. ways between Vost. and Zap. Georgia. In the 13-14 centuries. gradually fell into decay, in the 18th century. revived and became one of the centers of the Kingdom of Kartli (had its own manager - Muravi). In the 2nd floor. 17th century part of the Jewish population from Vakhan, devastated by the Turks, took refuge in A. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), the majority of the inhabitants of Armenia were Jews and Armenians. K ser. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALIGER Margarita Iosifovna (1915, Odessa - 1992, Moscow), poet, prose writer, translator, playwright. She studied in Lit. in-those them. M. Gorky (1934–37). First published in 1933. Attention to social issues, the spiritual world of the present. man, philos. comprehension of reality, heightened emotionality, lively conversational intonations - that's the main thing. features of poetry A. Collection of poems: \"Year of birth\" (1938), \"Railroad\" (1939), \"Stones and herbs\" (1940), \"In memory of the brave\" (1942), \"First signs\" (1948), Lyrics (1955), Several Steps (1962), Blue Hour (1970) and other poems This Winter's (1938), Zoya (1942, separate ed. 1943; Steel pr. . 1943), \"Your Victory\" (1945), one of the strongest chapters dedicated to Heb. to the people (in full, although with obvious distortions, went to the lists). Author of travel essays \"Return to Chile: Two Journeys\" (1966), \"Meetings and Separations\" (1981), book. \"The path in the rye\". About poetry and poets (1980), numerous. poetic. per., some of which are collected in the book. \"Huge World\" (1968). Cit .: Sobr. op. in 3 volumes. M., 1984–85."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALITUS, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Trok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - West. part of Armenia was part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw, east. - in Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century A. is divided into two parts: the town of Olita Troksky u. Vilna lips. and the village of Kalvinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 360 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 1234, in 1923 - c. 5000, in con. 1930s - OK. 4,000 Jews. The Jewish community of Armenia is one of the first in Lithuania, as evidenced by the preserved tombstones of the 17th century. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century - trade. Jews owned b. h. bargaining. houses, 30 crafts. workshops, small businesses (including 2 mills and 2 sawmills). Before the 1st world. war several. Jews were kr. landowners. In 1919, a community council was elected in Armenia, the first leader of which was Chaim Kretschmer, a representative of the Zionist socialists, founder and director. Jewish People's Bank. In the 1920s and 30s. A Jewish school of the Tarbut network, a gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew, prof. ORT school, heders, yeshiva, library, Ge-Halutz branch, branches of Jewish parties and movements, a Zionist youth club, and other youth organizations. The rabbis in Armenia were: Nathan Levin (1825– 1898), Yosef-Yaakov Rosenberg (acting rabbi at 50), Reuven Levinbock, Ioel Zelkind, Nachman Kolyaditsky, Aron Milyavsky, Yehuda Yablonsky, Bezalel Levin (the last two died during the Holocaust). June 22, 1941 during the art ... shelling A. germ. troops of several. dozens of Jews died. In the end. June 1941 several. hundreds of Jews A. were sent to Suwalki and killed there. At the same time, a ghetto was created, in which Jews were forbidden to create self-government. 13 Aug 1941 in the Vidzgiris forest, near A., 717 Jews were shot, on August 31 - 233 Jews (including from nearby settlements), on September 9. - 1279 Jews A. The executions were carried out by the SS and the Lithuanian police. In 1959 a memorial sign was erected at the place of executions, in 1993 - a monument in the form of a broken six-pointed star with an inscription in Yiddish and lit. lang. Two old Jewish cemeteries have survived in the vicinity of Armenia. Genus: J. Glazman; I. Glazman (b. 1908), mathematician, in 1948-73 headed the department of app. mathematics at the Research Institute. H. Weizmann in Rehovot (Israel), State. Israel Ave (1980); Braha Habas (1900-1968, Haifa), writer, daughter of Israel H. (ed. Of the weekly \"Ha-Yasod\"), since 1907 - in E.-I., author of pl. books of prose, including for children."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALBAK Hanoch (1890-1972), rabbi. Son of Sholem Albek (1858–1920), a Talmudist scholar who attempted to publish the Babylonian Talmud with modern commentaries. A. was educated at the Theological Seminary and Vienna University. In 1920–26 he was engaged in research. work in Berlin at the Akadsmi für di Wissenschaft des Juden-Toms and the Hochschule für di Wissenschaft des Juden-Toms. Since 1936 in E.-I., where he became prof. Talmud in Heb. un-those (Jerusalem), having worked there until 1956. A.'s works cover all regions. Talmudic knowledge. Its main. tr. - \"Untersuhungen uber di editors der Mishna\" (1923), \"Ha-Drashot be-Israel\" (1947), \"Mavo la-Mishna\" (1959)."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALBERTIN, now a district within the city of Slonim (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews (less than 10%), in 1921 - 16 Jews. By the Law of December 9. In 1903 Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In July 1915, all Jews were evicted from Armenia."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALBERTON Meer Iosifovich (1900, Bershad - 1947, Chkalov), prose writer. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. school. He worked in metal. workshops in Odessa. After the Revolution, he moved to Yekaterinoslav, where he worked at a factory, studied at the workers' faculty and at the mining institute. After graduation. studies worked as a mining engineer. Lit. activity began in 1926. He published stories in Heb. g. \"Prolit\", \"Di rote velt\" and other ed. Author doc. pov. Birobidzhan (1930), Shakhty (1931). A. first in Heb. after having finished. lit-re introduced productions. theme, showed the restructuring of Heb. vital. way of life, created vivid images of workers who came from Hebrews. townships for factories and plants. In the beginning. During the 1941–45 war, he was evacuated to the Urals, lived and worked in Chkalov, published essays in Russian. press, as well as in Heb. gas. \"Einikite\", organ of Heb. antifash. to-that. Having eaten the theme of war, it is not finished. rum. \"Pa two banks\", fragments from which were published. in 1947 in Moscow. Heb. alm. \"Geimland\"."@en .
jl:hasAbstract "ALBREKHT Vladimir Yanovich (b. 1933, Moscow), human rights activist. By education - a mathematician (graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin in the mid-1950s), taught mathematics at the correspondence institute. Father, a prominent figure Kom. Party of Poland, shot in 1937. In the beginning. 1970s A. gained fame as one of the organizers of the mater. assistance to the families of political prisoners. In 1973–75 A. organized numerous houses. concerts of A.A. Galich; part of the funds collected during these concerts went to help the families of the repressed. From the beginning. 1970s every Saturday at the Moscow building. synagogues gave free law. consultations, advice, provided practical. assistance in drawing up the official. documents to Jewish refuseniks. Supervised a special jurid. seminar. Accepted the act. participation in the preparation of the symposium “Heb. Culture in the USSR: State and Prospects ”, which was supposed to take place in 1976, but was thwarted by the authorities. A. is one of the initiators of the creation of two human rights defenders in Moscow. org-tions: \"Group-73\", one of the goals of the cut was the study of the problems of convicts, and then -nat. section Int. amnesty. After the arrest of A. Tverdokhlebov, he acted as secretary. Moscow gr. Int. amnesty (1975–78), and after the emigration of V. Turchin (1977) - duties of the head. owls. section of this org-tion, left the section in 1981. Signature A. stands under pl. open letters and appeals from dissidents, in particular - on amnesty for prisoners of conscience and on the abolition of the death penalty. The author of several. samizdat brochures related to the genre of legal enlightenment, begun in 1968 “Jurid. memo \"A.S. Tverdokhlebov. In 1983 he was arrested and convicted of “slandering the Sov. build ”for 3 years of camps. In 1985, while serving his sentence, he was again convicted on charges of \"malicious hooliganism\" for 3.5 years. Released in 1987 during the Gorbachev amnesty. In 1988 he left the USSR."@en .